Editorial

The present publication is the result of the conference 'New Challenges of Local Governance in Times of Uncertainty and Complexity', held at the Adam Mickie- wicz University in Poznań, on June 23–24, 2021, organized by the International Geographical Union Commission on Geography of Governance and the Faculty of Human Geography and Planning of the Adam Mickiewicz University. It was the 2022 Annual Conference of the Commission and was organized online due to the COVID-19 pandemic

Geo-questionnaire in urban planning – preliminary results of the experimental application in Poland

Changes in the attitude of local authorities towards the public participation in the decision making processes have prompted development of new methods of such involvement. As far as the urban planning is concerned, of particular potential is the so-called Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS). One of the tools used for the purpose is a geo-questionnaire, combining the benefits of a standard questionnaire and a map, which permits collecting information on particular sites and on the respondents’ ideas on localisation of new objects and functionalities.Within the project “Geoportal supporting public participation in urban planning”, in the years 2015–2016, a study was undertaken to explore the effectiveness and usefulness of the geo-questionnaire. Five pilot studies were performed in the Poznań and Łódź agglomerations. The geo-questionnaires concerned the local spatial management plan in Rokietnica (Poznań agglomeration), landscape protection in Łódź, conception of the transportation system development in Łódź, conception of urban design of the Łazarski Market in Poznań, and the Map of Local Needs in the city center of Poznań. The aim of the study was to present the preliminary results of the initial implementations of geo-questionnaire developed within the project Geoportal supporting public participation in urban planning. The applications of geo-questionnaire have been analysed taking into account the characteristics of implementation areas, characteristics of users, the effectiveness of recruitment methods and opinions about the tool from two points of view: the respondents and the recipients of results

Zarządzanie wiedzą w zespole wirtualnym jako istotny czynnik jego skutecznej pracy

The paper focuses on the problems of virtual teams, and knowledge management in these teams. It presents the essential characteristics of virtual teams distinguish it from other forms of group activities. It was described the essence of knowledge management system in a virtual team as well as general recommendations of the process of its creation. It also indicated the importance of knowledge management on the effectiveness of the teams presenting research results among the ten functioning virtual teamsArtykuł skupia się na problematyce zespołów wirtualnych oraz zarządzaniu wiedzą w tych zespołach. Przedstawiono w nim istotne cechy zespołów wirtualnych wyróżniające je spośród innych forma zespołowego działania. Opisano istotę systemu zarządzania wiedzą w zespole wirtualnym i ogólne zalecenia dotyczące procesu jego tworzenia. Wskazano również znaczenie zarządzania wiedzą na skuteczność pracy tych zespołów, przedstawiając wyniki badań wśród dziesięciu funkcjonujących zespołów wirtualnyc

Public Participation GIS for sustainable urban mobility planning: methods, applications and challenges

Sustainable mobility planning is a new approach to planning, and as such it requires new methods of public participation, data collection and data aggregation. In the article we present an overview of Public Participation GIS (PPGIS) methods with potential use in sustainable urban mobility planning. We present the methods using examples from two recent case studies conducted in Polish cities of Poznań and Łodź. Sustainable urban mobility planning is a cyclical process, and each stage has different data and participatory requirements. Consequently, we situate the PPGIS methods in appropriate stages of planning, based on potential benefits they may bring into the planning process. We discuss key issues related to participant recruitment and provide guidelines for planners interested in implementing methods presented in the paper. The article outlines future research directions stressing the need for systematic case study evaluation

Kliniczne konsekwencje przerwania terapii antyretrowirusowej u pacjenta zakażonego HIV i kiłą

HIV jest patogenem przenoszonym przez kontakty seksualne, drogą krwi, a także z matki na dziecko drogą wertykalną oraz poprzez karmienie piersią. Nieleczone zakażenie HIV może prowadzić do rozwoju AIDS, czyli zespołu nabytego niedoboru odporności. Zgodnie z raportami UNAIDS spośród około 37 mln osób zakażonych HIV na świecie, obecnie tylko 26 mln otrzymuje terapię ART ratującą życie. Zakażenie HIV sprzyja nie tylko innym infekcjom przenoszonym drogą płciową, ale także zakażeniom oportunistycznym, takim jak: kryptokokoza OUN, pneumocystozowe zapalenie płuc i mięsak Kaposiego. W artykule przedstawiono kliniczne konsekwencje przerwania ART przez pacjenta zakażonego HIV oraz kiłą. Prezentowany przypadek dotyczy 28-letniego mężczyzny zakażonego HIV, który w wyniku nieregularnego stosowania terapii antyretrowirusowej rozwinął zakażenia oportunistyczne, takie jak: kryptokokoza OUN oraz mięsak Kaposiego. Chory nabył także inne infekcje, które przebiegały u niego w sposób atypowy (masywne brodawki wywołane HPV oraz nasilona osutka charakterystyczna dla kiły).HIV is a pathogen transmitted through sexual contact, the bloodstream, from mother to child through the vertical pathway, and breastfeeding. Untreated HIV infection can lead to the development of AIDS – acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. According to UNAIDS reports, of the estimated 37 million people infected with HIV worldwide, only 26 million are currently receiving life-saving ART. HIV infection promotes other sexually transmitted infections as well as opportunistic infections for instance CNS cryptococcosis, pneumocystis pneumonia, Kaposi’s sarcoma, and HPV. We present the clinical consequences of ending antiretroviral therapy in a patient infected with HIV and syphilis. We present a case of a 28-year-old man infected with HIV, who due to irregular use of antiretroviral therapy developed opportunistic infections such as cryptococcosis of the CNS and Kaposi’s sarcoma. He also acquired other infections manifested in an atypical way (massive HPV-associated warts and an exacerbated syphilis-like skin lesion)

Lipid profile after switching from TDF (tenofovir disoproxil)-containing to TAF (tenofovir alafenamide)-containing regimen in virologically suppressed people living with HIV

Background. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) or its prodrug tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF) are currently being recommended in treatment of HIV infection. Distinct pharmacological properties of these two forms of a this drug make TAF treatment less nephrotoxic and lead to better impact on bone density. Nevertheless, there is a rising concern about possible metabolic adverse effects of TAF. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects on the lipid profile among ART (antiretroviral therapy)-experienced patients switching from TDF‑containing to TAF‑containing regimen in the first year after the switch. Methods. Demographic and clinical data of HIV‑positive ART‑experienced patients treated in infectious diseases department was retrospectively collected. Changes of lipid profile with regards to baseline BMI, age and time of ART duration were analyzed. Results. In the group of 36 patients there was a significant increase in total cholesterol levels (+18.43 mg/dl, SD = 23.86 mg/dl, p < 0.0001) and LDL levels (+13.75 mg/dl SD = 23.05 mg/dl, p = 0.001) in first 12 months after switching from TDF‑containing to TAF‑containing regimen. There were no statistically significant changes in both HDL and TG levels observed. Analysis of total cholesterol and LDL levels in certain subpopulations revealed a significant increase within first year after the switch in patients younger than 40 years old and in those whose BMI was within normal range. Conclusions. Presented data suggests that switching from TDF to TAF in ART‑experienced patients may be associated with worsening lipid parameters. Early detection and management of dyslipidemias among HIV‑positive patients are needed

The spectrum of malignancies among adult HIV cohort in Poland between 1995 and 2012 : a retrospective analysis of 288 cases

THE AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of the study was to evaluate the spectrum of AIDS-defining malignancies (ADMs) and non-AIDS-defining malignancies (NADMs) in HIV-infected patients in Poland. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted among HIV-infected adult patients who developed a malignancy between 1995 and 2012 in a Polish cohort. Malignancies were divided into ADMs and NADMs. Non-AIDS-defining malignancies were further categorised as virus-related (NADMs-VR) and unrelated (NADMs-VUR). Epidemiological data was analysed according to demographic data, medical history, and HIV-related information. Results were analysed by OR, EPITools package parameters and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: In this study 288 malignancies were discovered. The mean age at diagnosis was 41.25 years (IQR20-81); for ADMs 38.05 years, and for NADMs-VURs 46.42 years; 72.22% were male, 40.28% were co-infected with HCV. The risk behaviours were: 37.85% IDU, 33.33% MSM, and 24.31% heterosexual. Mean CD4+ at the diagnosis was 282 cells/mm(3) (for ADMs 232 and for NADMs-VUR 395). Average duration of HIV infection at diagnosis was 5.69 years. There were 159 (55.2%) ADMs and 129 (44.8%) NADMs, among whom 58 (44.96%) NADMs-VR and 71 (55.04%) NADMs-VUR. The most frequent malignancies were: NHL (n = 76; 26.39%), KS (n = 49; 17.01%), ICC (n = 34; 11.81%), HD (n = 23; 7.99%), lung cancer (n = 18; 6.25%) and HCC (n = 14; 4.86%). The amount of NADMs, NADMs-VURs in particular, is increasing at present. Male gender (OR = 1.889; 95% CI: 1.104–3.233; p = 0.024), advanced age: 50–60 years (OR = 3.022; 95% CI: 1.359–6.720; p = 0.01) and ≥ 60 years (OR = 15.111; 95% CI: 3.122–73.151; p < 0.001), longer duration of HIV-infection and successful HAART (OR = 2.769; 95% CI: 1.675–4.577; p = 0) were independent predictors of NADMs overall, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In a Polish cohort NHL was the most frequent malignancy among ADMs, whereas HD was the most frequent among NADMs. Increased incidence of NADMs appearing in elderly men with longer duration of HIV-infection and with better virological and immunological control was confirmed. As HIV-infected individuals live longer, better screening strategies, especially for NADMs-VUR, are needed. The spectrum of cancer diagnoses in Poland currently does not appear dissimilar to that observed in other European populations

Evaluation of endothelial function and arterial stiffness in HIV-infected patients: a pilot study

Wstęp: Dzięki stosowaniu kompleksowej terapii antyretrowirusowej (cART, combined antiretroviral therapy) długość życia pacjentów zakażonych HIV nie różni się istotnie od populacji ogólnej. Oznacza to, że wśród tych osób wzrasta częstość występowania chorób towarzyszących. W prewencji oraz monitorowaniu chorób układu sercowo-naczyniowego istotne może się okazać wykrywanie subklinicznych zmian w układzie krążenia, w tym dysfunkcji śródbłonka i nadmiernej sztywności tętnic. Cel: Celem badania była ocena częstości występowania dysfunkcji śródbłonka wśród pacjentów zakażonych HIV oraz znalezienie czynników wpływających na pojawienie się dysfunkcji śródbłonka i wpływających na sztywność tętnic. Metody: Do badania włączono 37 dorosłych chorych z rozpoznanym zakażeniem HIV, bez względu na fakt i rodzaj prowadzonej cART. Kryteria wyłączenia obejmowały: kobiety w ciąży lub karmiące piersią, cART przerwaną krócej niż 6 miesięcy przed włączeniem do badania oraz pacjentów z nowotworami niezwiązanymi z zakażeniem HIV. U każdego chorego wykonano badanie oceniające obwodową tonometrię tętniczą reaktywnej hiperemii przy użyciu urządzenia Endo-PAT2000 firmy ITAMAR®. Metoda ta pozwalała na czynnościową ocenę funkcji śródbłonka i sztywności tętnic. Wyniki: Do końcowej analizy włączono 37 osób. Mediana wieku chorych wynosiła 38 lat (32–45 lat), 89,2% całej badanej grupy stanowili mężczyźni. Dysfunkcję śródbłonka stwierdzono u 13 (35,1%) osób zakażonych HIV. Uwzględniając dane demograficzne, kliniczne, wyniki badań laboratoryjnych oraz terapię lekami kardiologicznymi, nie wykazano istotnych różnic między osobami z dysfunkcją śródbłonka i bez niej. Wyjątek stanowiła jedynie liczba płytek krwi, która była istotnie statystycznie niższa u pacjentów z dysfunkcją śródbłonka w porównaniu z pozostałymi chorymi (174 [119–193] vs. 222 [168–266]; p = 0,03). Żaden z parametrów demograficznych i klinicznych nie okazał się niezależnym predyktorem wystąpienia dysfunkcji śródbłonka w grupie chorych zakażonych HIV. Podobnie nie wykazano korelacji między czynnikami związanymi z zakażeniem HIV oraz stosowaną przewlekle farmakoterapią a ryzykiem wystąpienia dysfunkcji śródbłonka. Zaobserwowano istotny statystycznie związek między sztywnością tętnic a wiekiem pacjenta (rs = 0,53; p &lt; 0,001), liczbą czerwonych krwinek (rs = –0,39; p = 0,018) i liczbą płytek krwi (rs = 0,42; p = 0,009). Biorąc pod uwagę sztywność tętnic, wykazano, że jest ona odwrotnie proporcjonalna do liczby kopii wirusa identyfikowanej u poszczególnych chorych (rs = –0,39; p = 0,0018). W porównaniu z chorymi bez cART, chorzy poddani cART charakteryzowali się wyższą sztywnością naczyń (10 [0–15] vs. –5 [–10–3]; p = 0,014). Wnioski: Niniejsze badanie pokazało, że dysfunkcja śródbłonka jest częstym zjawiskiem występującym wśród chorych zakażonych HIV. Brakuje czynników wpływających bezpośrednio na zaburzenie funkcji śródbłonka w tej grupie osób. Kompleksowa terapia antyretrowirusowa może mieć działanie negatywne, zwiększające sztywność tętnic. W związku z pilotażowym charakterem badania, będzie prowadzona dalsza obserwacja już włączonych pacjentów i rekrutacja nowych. Może to pomóc w ustalenia parametrów, które mogą wskazać osoby o podwyższonym ryzyku sercowo-naczyniowym.  Background: In the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), life expectancy of HIV-infected patients is the same as that of the general population, resulting in increasing prevalence of cardiovascular disease in this patient group. Aim: To assess the prevalence of endothelial dysfunction in HIV-infected patients and to identify factors which affect endothelial function and arterial stiffness. Methods: Thirty-seven adult HIV-infected patients, regardless of the fact and the type of cART, were enrolled into the study. In patient, reactive hyperaemia peripheral arterial tonometry assessment was performed using the Endo-PAT2000 device (ITAMAR®). This method allows evaluation of endothelial function ant arterial stiffness. Results: Final analysis included 37 patients (median age 38 years, range 32–45 years), including 89.2% men. Endothelial dysfunction was found in 13 (35.1%) HIV-infected patients. We found no differences in demographic and clinical characteristics, laboratory data, and cardiovascular drug therapy between patients with or without endothelial dysfunction, except for platelet count which was higher in patients with endothelial dysfunction (174 [119–193] × 103/mm3 vs. 222 [168–266] × 103/mm3, p = 0.03). No demographic or clinical variables were identified as predictors of endothelial dysfunction in HIV-infected patients. In addition, no association was found between factors related to HIV infection, chronic drug therapy and the risk of endothelial dysfunction. Statistically significant correlations were found between arterial stiffness and age (rs = 0.53, p &lt; 0.001), red blood cell count (rs = –0.39, p = 0.018), and platelet count (rs = 0.42, p = 0.009). CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte count and viral load were similar in patients with or without endothelial dysfunction. Arterial stiffness was significantly higher in patients with higher viral load (rs = –0.39, p = 0.0018) and in those with established AIDS (9.5 [1.0–16.0] vs. –5 [–10–5], p = 0.009). cART had no effect on endothelial dysfunction, while arterial stiffness was higher in patients treated with cART (10 [0–15] vs. –5 [–10–3], p = 0.014). Conclusions: Endothelial dysfunction is common in HIV-infected patients. In general, none of the analysed factors had an effect on endothelial function but cART had a negative effect on arterial stiffness.

Interferometric imaging of the type IIIb and U radio bursts observed with LOFAR on 22 August 2017

Context. The Sun is the source of different types of radio bursts that are associated with solar flares, for example. Among the most frequently observed phenomena are type III solar bursts. Their radio images at low frequencies (below 100 MHz) are relatively poorly studied due to the limitations of legacy radio telescopes. Aims. We study the general characteristics of types IIIb and U with stria structure solar radio bursts in the frequency range of 20-80 MHz, in particular the source size and evolution in different altitudes, as well as the velocity and energy of electron beams responsible for their generation. Methods. In this work types IIIb and U with stria structure radio bursts are analyzed using data from the LOFAR telescope including dynamic spectra and imaging observations, as well as data taken in the X-ray range (GOES and RHESSI satellites) and in the extreme ultraviolet (SDO satellite). Results. In this study we determined the source size limited by the actual shape of the contour at particular frequencies of type IIIb and U solar bursts in a relatively wide frequency band from 20 to 80 MHz. Two of the bursts seem to appear at roughly the same place in the studied active region and their source sizes are similar. It is different in the case of another burst, which seems to be related to another part of the magnetic field structure in this active region. The velocities of the electron beams responsible for the generation of the three bursts studied here were also found to be different