136 research outputs found
Funding Era Free Speech Theory: Applying Traditional Speech Protection to the Regulation of Anonymous Cyberspace
Abstract Background Blunt trauma is the most frequent mechanism of injury in multiple trauma, commonly resulting from road traffic collisions or falls. Two of the most frequent injuries in patients with multiple trauma are chest trauma and extremity fracture. Several trauma mouse models combine chest trauma and head injury, but no trauma mouse model to date includes the combination of long bone fractures and chest trauma. Outcome is essentially determined by the combination of these injuries. In this study, we attempted to establish a reproducible novel multiple trauma model in mice that combines blunt trauma, major injuries and simple practicability. Methods Ninety-six male C57BL/6Β N mice (nβ=β8/group) were subjected to trauma for isolated femur fracture and a combination of femur fracture and chest injury. Serum samples of mice were obtained by heart puncture at defined time points of 0Β h (hour), 6Β h, 12Β h, 24Β h, 3 d (days), and 7 d. Results A tendency toward reduced weight and temperature was observed at 24Β h after chest trauma and femur fracture. Blood analyses revealed a decrease in hemoglobin during the first 24Β h after trauma. Some animals were killed by heart puncture immediately after chest contusion; these animals showed the most severe lung contusion and hemorrhage. The extent of structural lung injury varied in different mice but was evident in all animals. Representative H&E-stained (Haematoxylin and Eosin-stained) paraffin lung sections of mice with multiple trauma revealed hemorrhage and an inflammatory immune response. Plasma samples of mice with chest trauma and femur fracture showed an up-regulation of IL-1Ξ² (Interleukin-1Ξ²), IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70 and TNF-Ξ± (Tumor necrosis factor- Ξ±) compared with the control group. Mice with femur fracture and chest trauma showed a significant up-regulation of IL-6 compared to group with isolated femur fracture. Conclusions The multiple trauma mouse model comprising chest trauma and femur fracture enables many analogies to clinical cases of multiple trauma in humans and demonstrates associated characteristic clinical and pathophysiological changes. This model is easy to perform, is economical and can be used for further research examining specific immunological questions
Ontogenetic conflicts and rank reversals in two Mediterranean oak species: Implications for coexistence
In heterogeneous environments, species segregate spatially in response to selective abiotic and biotic filters occurring throughout plant ontogeny. Ontogenetic conflicts in recruitment may lead to spatially discordant patterns of regeneration among microhabitats with different plant cover. In addition, species differing in seed size may be subjected to opposing ecological and evolutionary pressures throughout the life cycle of the plant. We used a multi-stage demographic approach aimed at characterizing the main stage-specific probabilities of recruitment (seed survival, seed germination, seedling emergence and survival during the first 3years of life) in two Mediterranean oak species coexisting at southern Spain. We calibrated linear and nonlinear likelihood models for each of these consecutive life history stages and calculated overall probabilities of recruitment along a wide range of plant cover and seed size variation. Seed predation and seedling mortality over the dry season were the most limiting processes for the two studied oak species. However, species ranking diverged substantially through the life history stages considered in this study due to different ontogenetic trends among species. At the intraspecific level, recruitment-driving processes during the seed and the seedling stages showed opposing tendencies along the explored range of plant cover and seed size. Thus, small-sized acorns and open areas were favoured for the seed stage, whereas large acorns and dense microhabitats did for the seedling stage. The existence of opposing selective pressures on seed mass and their differential influence on the two studied oak species determined the occurrence of species-specific optimal seed sizes (small acorns for Quercus canariensis vs. acorns of large or intermediate size for Quercus suber). The spatial patterns predicted by our overall-recruitment models provided some evidence of regeneration niche partitioning in the two coexisting oak species, supporting their current distribution patterns as saplings and adults at the study area. Synthesis. We conclude that within- and among-species differences through plant ontogeny, arising from species differential response to microhabitat heterogeneity and seed size variation, could be of great importance for oak species niche segregation, driving stand dynamics and spatial pattern distribution along the landscape. The information provided by this study could be also applied to optimize management and restoration programmes since it has enabled us to identify the most favourable conditions and traits for recruitment in oak species that exhibit serious constraints for natural regeneration.This study was supported by a JAE-docβcontract to IMPR, by the Spanish MEC projects Heteromed (REN2002-4041-C02-02), Dinamed (CGL2005-5830-C03-01) and Interbos (CGL2008-04503-C03-01), the Andalusian PE2010-RNM-5782 project, and by European FEDER funds. This research is part of the Globimed (http:// www.globimed.net) network in forest ecology.Peer Reviewe
Platelet-Released Growth Factors Induce Genes Involved in Extracellular Matrix Formation in Human Fibroblasts
Platelet concentrate products are increasingly used in many medical disciplines due to their regenerative properties. As they contain a variety of chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors, they are used to support the healing of chronic or complicated wounds. To date, underlying cellular mechanisms have been insufficiently investigated. Therefore, we analyzed the influence of Platelet-Released Growth Factors (PRGF) on human dermal fibroblasts. Whole transcriptome sequencing and gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of PRGF-treated fibroblasts revealed an induction of several genes involved in the formation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Real-time PCR analyses of PRGF-treated fibroblasts and skin explants confirmed the induction of ECM-related genes, in particular transforming growth factor beta-induced protein (TGFBI), fibronectin 1 (FN1), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), transglutaminase 2 (TGM2), fermitin family member 1 (FERMT1), collagen type I alpha 1 (COL1A1), a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 19 (ADAM19), serpin family E member 1 (SERPINE1) and lysyl oxidase-like 3 (LOXL3). The induction of these genes was time-dependent and in part influenced by the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Moreover, PRGF induced migration and proliferation of the fibroblasts. Taken together, the observed effects of PRGF on human fibroblasts may contribute to the underlying mechanisms that support the beneficial wound-healing effects of thrombocyte concentrate products
Π Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Erlang/OTP Framework
Positron annihilation technique in hydrogen storage materials
The feasibility of using the positron annihilation methods is discussed. Two main methods of electron positron annihilation - positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy and coincidence Doppler broadening are used to characterize the materials - hydrogen accumulators
ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΊ. Π’. 5 : ΠΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Π‘Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² XV ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², Π°ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Β«ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΡΠΊΒ», ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Β«ΠΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β». ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², Π°ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°, Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ², Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΡΡΡΠ°, Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΈ Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°, ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π°, ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅, ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅, ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ
The Antimicrobial Peptide Human Beta-Defensin-3 Is Induced by Platelet-Released Growth Factors in Primary Keratinocytes
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