Thinning kiwifruit

Durante la temporada 1999-2000 un lote de plantas de kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C. F. Liang et A. R. Ferguson var. deliciosa cv Hayward) fue sometido a tres intensidades de raleo: 30, 40 y 50 frutos/m2 a los 19 días post-floración. Se evaluó la calidad de los frutos desarrollados en 3 tipos de ramificación lateral: fuerte, medio y débil. Se registró la evolución del crecimiento del fruto. Se determinó peso, contenido de sólidos solubles, firmeza de la pulpa y pH del jugo al momento de cosecha. • Las intensidades de raleo de 30, 40 y 50 frutos/m2 produjeron frutos de peso promedio 125, 121 y 113 g respectivamente. En los tres casos se superó el peso mínimo exigido para exportación. • Los laterales de tipo débil produjeron los frutos de menor peso y más blandos a cosecha. No se encontraron diferencias entre laterales en contenido de sólidos solubles y pH. • Los raleos intensos favorecieron la tasa de crecimiento del fruto pero la mayor intensidad de raleo (30 frutos/m2) comprometió el rendimiento del cultivo.During 1999-2000 season kiwifruit plants (Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C. F. Liang et A. R. Ferguson var. deliciosa cv Hayward) were thinned 19 days after full bloom, according to 3 thinning levels (30, 40 and 50 fruits/m2). Three fruiting shoot types were identified: strong, medium and week. Growth evolution was registered. At harvest, weight, solid soluble content, firmness and pH were measured. • The highest, medium and lowest levels: 30, 40 and 50 fruits/m2) produced 125, 121 and 113 g average weight respectively. All fruits overcome the minimum exportation weight. • Week fruiting shoots produced the lightest and softest fruits. No effects of fruiting shoots were found for solid soluble content and pH. • Fruit growth rate was favored by intense thinning but thinning at 30 fruits/m2 affected crop yield.Fil: Godoy, Carlos.Fil: Arpaia, Rodolfo.Fil: Tognetti, Jorge

Temperature Impact on the Forage Quality of Two Wheat Cultivars with Contrasting Capacity to Accumulate Sugars

Wheat is increasingly used as a dual-purpose crop (for forage and grain production) worldwide. Plants encounter low temperatures in winter, which commonly results in sugar accumulation. High sugar levels might have a positive impact on forage digestibility, but may also lead to an increased risk of bloat. We hypothesized that cultivars with a lower capacity to accumulate sugars when grown under cold conditions may have a lower bloat risk than higher sugar-accumulating genotypes, without showing significantly lower forage digestibility. This possibility was studied using two wheat cultivars with contrasting sugar accumulation at low temperature. A series of experiments with contrasting temperatures were performed in controlled-temperature field enclosures (three experiments) and growth chambers (two experiments). Plants were grown at either cool (8.1 °C–9.3 °C) or warm (15.7 °C–16.5 °C) conditions in field enclosures, and at either 5 °C or 25 °C in growth chambers. An additional treatment consisted of transferring plants from cool to warm conditions in the field enclosures and from 5 °C to 25 °C in the growth chambers. The plants in the field enclosure experiments were exposed to higher irradiances (i.e., 30%–100%) than those in the growth chambers. Our results show that (i) low temperatures led to an increased hemicellulose content, in parallel with sugar accumulation; (ii) low temperatures produced negligible changes in in vitro dry matter digestibility while leading to a higher in vitro rumen gas production, especially in the higher sugar-accumulating cultivar; (iii) transferring plants from cool to warm conditions led to a sharp decrease in in vitro rumen gas production in both cultivars; and (iv) light intensity (in contrast to temperature) appeared to have a lower impact on forage quality

Differential growth response of green and variegated Ficus benjamina to exogenous cytokinin and shade

Benjamin fig (Ficus benjamina) is an important foliage and landscape crop species comprising green and variegated genotypes. The latter develop leaves with yellow and white leaf areas which may impose lower photosynthetic activity, thus resulting in slower growth than green genotypes. In many species, the exogenous supply of cytokinin to pot-grown plants promotes growth, mainly due to enhanced carbon fixation. In this work, we analyze the effect of spraying the cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) on growth and development of green and variegated Ficus benjamina genotypes. Two experiments were carried out in a greenhouse, in which either different number of BAP applications (Experiment 1) or different BAP concentrations (Experiment 2) were tested. In Experiment 2, plants were grown under three different light intensities. BAP sprays promoted rate of leaf appearance, leaf expansion and whole-plant growth, and the effect was stronger in variegated than in green plants. The relative growth rate promotion by BAP was associated with increased net assimilation rate rather than with variation in the leaf area ratio. On the other hand, shading had a more negative impact on growth and development of variegated plants than in green ones. Variegated plants, unlike green ones, developed leaves with high specific leaf area under the lowest light intensity. This led to high leaf area ratio values, which helped to maintain relative growth rates close to those of plants under moderate shading.O Ficus (Ficus benjamina) é uma importante espécie de folhagem usada no paisagismo que compreende genótipos verdes e variegados. Estes últimos desenvolvem folhas com áreas foliares amarelas e brancas que podem impor menor atividade fotossintética, resultando em crescimento mais lento que os genótipos verdes. Em muitas espécies, o suprimento exógeno de citocinina em plantas cultivadas em vaso promove o crescimento, principalmente devido à maior fixação de carbono. Neste trabalho, analisamos o efeito da pulverização da citocinina 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP) no crescimento e desenvolvimento de genótipos verdes e variegados de Ficus benjamina. Foram realizadas dois experimentos em casa de vegetação, nos quais foram testados diferentes números de aplicações de BAP (Experimento 1) ou diferentes concentrações de BAP (Experimento 2). No experimento 2, as plantas foram cultivadas sob três intensidades de luz diferentes. A pulverização com BAP promoveram taxa de aparência foliar, expansão foliar e crescimento de plantas inteiras, e o efeito foi mais forte em variegadas do que em plantas verdes. A promoção da taxa de crescimento relativo pelo BAP foi associada ao aumento da taxa líquida de assimilação, e não à variação na proporção da área foliar. Por outro lado, o sombreamento teve impacto mais negativo no crescimento e desenvolvimento de plantas variegadas do que nas verdes. Plantas variegadas, diferentemente das verdes, desenvolveram folhas com alta área foliar específica sob a menor intensidade de luz. Isso levou a altos valores da razão de área foliar, o que ajudou a manter taxas de crescimento relativas próximas às das plantas sob sombreamento moderado.EEA La ConsultaFil: Di Benedetto, Adalberto. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; ArgentinaFil: Di Benedetto, Adalberto. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Galmarini, Claudio Romulo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Galmarini, Claudio Romulo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Consulta; ArgentinaFil: Galmarini, Claudio Romulo. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Tognetti, Jorge. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Tognetti, Jorge. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; Argentin

Exogenous cytokinin promotes Epipremnum aureum L. growth through enhanced dry weight assimilation rather than through changes in partitioning

Aims: Benzylaminopurine (BAP) sprays have been shown to increase leaf size and leaf appearance rate, as well as biomass accumulation in pot-grown Epipremnum aureum L. BAP-mediated enhanced growth could either be the consequence of a higher investment of dry weight in leaf area development thus leading to a positive dry weight accumulation feedback, to a promoting effect on dry weight assimilation per unit leaf area. Study Design: A randomized complete block factorial design with three blocks was used. Place and Duration of Study: Two experiments were carried out in a greenhouse at the Faculty of Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina (34°28’S) from the 8th September 2007 and 5th September 2008, respectively, to the 12th March 2008 and 11th March 2009 respectively. Methodology: We analyzed the effect of exogenous BAP supplied in different number of applications and at different concentrations under three light intensities, on dry weight accumulation and partitioning in E. aureum grown in pots, in two greenhouse experiments. Results: A single 5mg L-1 BAP application was enough to increase the dry weight accumulation rate in comparison to untreated controls, irrespective of the light intensity. A strong direct relationship between the relative growth rate (RGR) and the net assimilation rate (NAR) were found, while an inverse relationship was observed between RGR and the leaf area ratio (LAR). Even though BAP increased dry weight partitioning to the aerial part, as revealed by shoot vs. root allometric analysis, this did not result in a LAR increase, but rather in higher stem dry weight accumulation, in association with a decrease in the leaf area partitioning coefficient (LAP). NAR promotion by BAP was associated with an increased N content per unit leaf area, rather than with changes in chlorophyll content. Conclusion: Our results on the ornamental shade plant E. aureum also provide information which may help to increase productivity to this crop from a grower perspective.EEA La ConsultaFil: Di Benedetto, Adalberto. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Galmarini, Claudio Romulo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Consulta; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Tognetti, Jorge. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; Argentin

New insight into how thigmomorphogenesis affects Epipremnum aureum plant development

Climbing Epipremnum aureum plants develop larger leaves than unsupported, hanging plants. This effect may be regarded, in part, as a thigmomorphogenic response, but gravimorphogenetic effect may also be involved, since polar auxin transport is known to be negatively affected in plants with horizontal or hanging stems, which may result in an altered hormone balance at the whole plant level. The present work was aimed at studying how exogenous auxins and cytokinins may influence growth of E. aureum rooted cuttings under different training systems. Rooted cuttings of E. aureum were cultivated either climbing on an upright wooden board or creeping on the glasshouse bench or hanging from a basket. All leaves of each plant were sprayed to run-off at sunset with four indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) doses 7 days after transplanting and one week later, with four benzylaminopurine (BAP) concentrations, rendering 16 hormone combination treatments. The application of IAA or BAP at 50 mg L-1 to creeping and hanging plants significantly promoted growth but, in climbing plants, a negative effect was generally observed. Changes in net assimilation and photosynthetic rates, together with modified allometric coefficients, accounted for these responses. The higher growth promotion by exogenous growth regulators observed in creeping or hanging plants compared to climbing plants, may be interpreted mostly as a gravimorphogenetic response.Plantas trepadeiras (Epipremnum aureum) conduzidas suspensas, desenvolvem folhas maiores em comparação com plantas conduzidas sem suporte (rasteiras). Esse efeito pode ser visto, em parte, como uma resposta thigmomorfogênica; mas o efeito gravimorfogênico também pode estar envolvido, uma vez que o transporte polar de auxinas é afetado negativamente em plantas com hastes horizontais ou pendentes, o que pode resultar em um balanço hormonal alterado, a nível da planta como um todo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar como as auxinas e citocininas exógenas podem influenciar o crescimento de estacas enraizadas de E. aureum sob diferentes sistemas de condução. Estacas enraizadas de E. aureum foram cultivadas como trepadeiras em uma tábua de madeira vertical ou rasteiras sobre bancada em casa de vegetação ou suspensas em uma cesta. Todas as folhas de cada planta foram pulverizadas até escoamento à tarde, com quatro doses de ácido indol-3-acético (AIA), 7 dias após o transplante e, após uma semana, com quatro concentrações de benzilaminopurina (BAP), resultando em 16 tratamentos combinados com hormônios. A aplicação de IAA ou BAP a 50 mg L-1 em plantas rasteiras e suspensas, promoveu crescimento significativo mas, em plantas trepadeiras, observou-se, em geral, efeito negativo. Mudanças na assimilação líquida e taxas fotossintéticas, juntamente com coeficientes alométricos modificados, foram responsáveis por essas respostas. A maior promoção do crescimento por reguladores de crescimento exógenos, observada em plantas rasteiras ou suspensas em comparação com plantas trepadeiras, pode ser interpretada principalmente como uma resposta gravimorfogênicaEEA La ConsultaFil: Di Benedetto, Adalberto. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Galmarini, Claudio Romulo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Consulta; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Tognetti, Jorge. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; Argentin

Timing of nitrogen fertilization influences color and anthocyanin content of apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv ‘Royal Gala’) fruits

Different timings and methods of N application modify N dynamics in the plant and could have differential effects on fruit color. To evaluate this possibility, an experiment was conducted during three seasons in a ‘Royal Gala’/EM9 apple orchard. The treatments were: (a) soil N after harvest; (b) foliar N after harvest; and (c) soil N in spring. No nitrogen was applied to the control. HUE angle, lightness, percentage of coverage color, and anthocyanin concentration were determined in the fruit skin. Among the treatments that received fertilization, the postharvest treatments resulted in fruits with darker colorations, higher percentages of coverage color, and higher concentration of anthocyanins. These could be related, at least partly, to lower values of light interception by the canopy, in comparison to the spring treatment. Our results suggest that the negative effects of N on fruit coloration can be mitigated by differing N application to the postharvest period.EEA Alto ValleFil: De Angelis, Verónica. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Alto Valle; ArgentinaFil: Sanchez, Enrique Eduardo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Alto Valle; ArgentinaFil: Tognetti, Jorge Alberto. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal; Argentin

A comparison of two modern sweet cherry (<i>Prunus avium</i>) training systems on the basic of light interception efficiency

Los sistemas de conducción modernos de cerezos son diseñados para maximizar la intercepción lumínica y optimizar su distribución en el canopeo, y de esta manera incrementar la productividad y mejorar la calidad de los frutos. Se evaluaron dos sistemas: Eje Central (EC) con moderadamente alta densidad de plantación y Tatura Modificado (TM) con muy alta densidad, en términos de intercepción de energía lumínica y distribución del área foliar en el canopeo, en una plantación comercial durante dos temporadas consecutivas. El perfil de intercepción de TM puso en evidencia una mayor iluminación en el centro de la doble fila con respecto a EC en el centro de la fila. La intercepción a nivel del suelo fue de 21 % en EC y de 38 % en TM, habiéndose determinado un índice de área foliar (IAF) para EC de 2,02 y de 3,89 para TM. La eficiencia en la penetración de la luz en el canopeo fue mayor en TM que en EC. Al evaluar el diámetro basal de las ramas laterales, los árboles conducidos en TM resultaron más equilibrados.Modern cherry training systems are aimed at increasing light interception and optimizing light distribution within the canopy, and therefore increasing productivity and improving fruit quality. Two systems were studied: an intermediate to high density Central Axis (EC) system and a very high density V-trellis (TM) system, on the basis of light interception and canopy arrangement, on a commercial orchard during two consecutive years. TM light interception profile exhibited higher light availability in the middle of the double row than EC in the middle of the row. Light interception at the ground level was 21 % in EC and 38 % in TM; and the leaf area index (IAF) was 2.02 in EC and 3.89 in TM. Light penetration into the canopy efficiency was higher in TM than in EC. In terms of basal diameter of lateral branches, trees were more balanced in TM than in EC.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Fenología, producción y conservación post cosecha de diferentes cultivares de cebolla en el sudeste de Buenos Aires

p.73-80Los cultivos de cebolla en el S.E. de la Provincia de Buenos Aires se realizan casi exclusivamente con el cultivar Valcatorce INTA. Aunque se ha propuesto el cultivo de cebollas de ciclo más corto, prácticamente no existe información acerca del comportamiento de estos cultivares en la región. En este trabajo se evalúa la fenología, producción y comportamiento postcosecha de seis cultivares de diferente longitud de ciclo, en comparación con Valcatorce. De acuerdo a nuestros ensayos, el empleo de los genotipos de ciclo corto evaluados sólo sería factible para consumo inmediato, debido a su mala conservación. Por otra parte, Valcatorce presentó la mejor conservación y una producción aceptable, mientras que Armada se destacó como una interesante alternativa. Se evalúan, asimismo, diferentes parámetros como indicadores de la longevidad post-cosecha

Diferentes respostas de crescimento de Ficus benjamina verde e variegado à citocinina exógena e sombreamento

Benjamin fig (Ficus benjamina) is an important foliage and landscape crop species comprising green and variegated genotypes. The latter develop leaves with yellow and white leaf areas which may impose lower photosynthetic activity, thus resulting in slower growth than green genotypes. In many species, the exogenous supply of cytokinin to pot-grown plants promotes growth, mainly due to enhanced carbon fixation. In this work, we analyze the effect of spraying the cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) on growth and development of green and variegated Ficus benjamina genotypes. Two experiments were carried out in a greenhouse, in which either different number of BAP applications (Experiment 1) or different BAP concentrations (Experiment 2) were tested. In Experiment 2, plants were grown under three different light intensities. BAP sprays promoted rate of leaf appearance, leaf expansion and whole-plant growth, and the effect was stronger in variegated than in green plants. The relative growth rate promotion by BAP was associated with increased net assimilation rate rather than with variation in the leaf area ratio. On the other hand, shading had a more negative impact on growth and development of variegated plants than in green ones. Variegated plants, unlike green ones, developed leaves with high specific leaf area under the lowest light intensity. This led to high leaf area ratio values, which helped to maintain relative growth rates close to those of plants under moderate shading.O Ficus (Ficus benjamina) é uma importante espécie de folhagem usada no paisagismo que compreende genótipos verdes e variegados. Estes últimos desenvolvem folhas com áreas foliares amarelas e brancas que podem impor menor atividade fotossintética, resultando em crescimento mais lento que os genótipos verdes. Em muitas espécies, o suprimento exógeno de citocinina em plantas cultivadas em vaso promove o crescimento, principalmente devido à maior fixação de carbono. Neste trabalho, analisamos o efeito da pulverização da citocinina 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP) no crescimento e desenvolvimento de genótipos verdes e variegados de Ficus benjamina. Foram realizadas dois experimentos em casa de vegetação, nos quais foram testados diferentes números de aplicações de BAP (Experimento 1) ou diferentes concentrações de BAP (Experimento 2). No experimento 2, as plantas foram cultivadas sob três intensidades de luz diferentes. A pulverização com BAP promoveram taxa de aparência foliar, expansão foliar e crescimento de plantas inteiras, e o efeito foi mais forte em variegadas do que em plantas verdes. A promoção da taxa de crescimento relativo pelo BAP foi associada ao aumento da taxa líquida de assimilação, e não à variação na proporção da área foliar. Por outro lado, o sombreamento teve impacto mais negativo no crescimento e desenvolvimento de plantas variegadas do que nas verdes. Plantas variegadas, diferentemente das verdes, desenvolveram folhas com alta área foliar específica sob a menor intensidade de luz. Isso levou a altos valores da razão de área foliar, o que ajudou a manter taxas de crescimento relativas próximas às das plantas sob sombreamento moderado.Fil: Di Benedetto, Adalberto Hugo. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Galmarini, Claudio Romulo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Mendoza-San Juan. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Consulta; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza; ArgentinaFil: Tognetti, Jorge Alberto. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Argentina. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentin

La azoxistrobina induce aberraciones cromosómicas en raíces de la hidrófita Bidens laevis L.

Aquatic plants can be used as in situ bioindicators of water quality due to their ability to accumulate agrochemicals. However, these plants may be at significant ecotoxicological risk from pesticides applied in crop fields. The fungicide azoxystrobin (AZX) induces DNA damage and changes in the antioxidant enzymatic system in leaves of the submerged hydrophyte Myriophyllum quitense. In the present study, the objectives were to determine whether AZX induces chromosomal damage in roots of the wetland plant Bidens laevis and to evaluate whether the damage in the antioxidant system was associated with damage in the photosynthetic system. Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the short-term effects (1 or 2 days) of the exposure to different concentrations of the active ingredient of AZX (0, 0.1, 1, 10, 50, 100 μg/L) on intact B. laevis plants. In the first experiment, photosynthetic biomarkers, including chlorophyll a fluorescence, SPAD units, and chlorophyll a and b content, were measured. In the second experiment, the frequency of chromosome aberrations (CA) was evaluated in root tips. In general, the photosynthetic biomarkers evaluated were not affected by AZX, except for a decrease in chlorophyll b content at 100 μg/L. Total CA increased at all AZX concentrations and the most frequent abnormalities were laggards and chromosomes not congregated at the metaphase equator, both indicators of spindle disturbance. This is the first report of AZX-induced chromosomal aberrations in a wetland plant exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of the fungicide. The reason why AZX exposure had only a limited impact on biomarkers of the photosynthetic apparatus is discussed.Las plantas acuáticas pueden usarse como bioindicadores in situ de la calidad del agua debido a su capacidad de acumular agroquímicos. Sin embargo, estas plantas pueden estar en riesgo ecotoxicológico significativo debido a los plaguicidas aplicados en los campos de cultivo. El fungicida azoxistrobina (AZX) induce daño al ADN y provoca cambios en el sistema enzimático antioxidante en hojas de la hidrófita sumergida Myriophyllum quitense. En este trabajo, nuestros objetivos fueron determinar si la AZX induce daño cromosómico en raíces y evaluar si el daño en el sistema antioxidante se asociaría con daños en el sistema fotosintético en la planta de humedal Bidens laevis. Se llevaron a cabo dos experimentos para evaluar los efectos a corto plazo (1 o 2 días) en plantas intactas de B. laevis expuestas desde la raíz a diferentes concentraciones del ingrediente activo (0, 0.1, 1, 10, 50, 100 μg/L) de AZX. En el primer experimento, se midieron biomarcadores fotosintéticos, que incluyeron fluorescencia de clorofila a, unidades SPAD y contenido de clorofila a y b. En el segundo experimento, se determinó la frecuencia de aberraciones cromosómicas (CA) en ápices de raíz. En general, los biomarcadores fotosintéticos no se vieron afectados por AZX, excepto por una disminución del contenido de clorofila b a 100 μg/L. La frecuencia de CA aumentó en todos los tratamientos con AZX y las anormalidades más frecuentes fueron cromosomas rezagados y cromosomas no congregados, ambos indicadores de alteración del huso mitótico. Éste es el primer informe en el cual AZX induce aberraciones cromosómicas en una planta de humedal expuesta a concentraciones ambientalmente relevantes del fungicida. Se discute la razón por la cual la exposición a AZX tuvo un impacto limitado en los biomarcadores fotosintéticos.EEA BalcarceFil: Pérez, Débora Jesabel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto de Innovación Para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible; Argentina.Fil: Pérez, Débora Jesabel.Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina.Fil: Menone, Mirta Luján. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; Argentina.Fil: Tognetti, Jorge Alberto. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina.Fil: Tognetti, Jorge Alberto. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina.Fil: Lukaszewicz, Germán. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; Argentina