The impact of biodiesel on particle number, size and mass emissions from a Euro4 diesel vehicle

New European emissions legislation (Euro5) specifies a limit for Particle Number (PN) emissions and therefore drives measurement of PN during vehicle development and homologation. Concurrently, the use of biofuel is increasing in the marketplace, and Euro5 specifies that reference fuel must contain a bio-derived portion. Work was carried out to test the effect of fuels containing different levels of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) on particle number, size, mass and composition. Measurements were conducted with a Cambustion Differential Mobility Spectrometer (DMS) to time-resolve sub-micron particles (5-1000nm), and a Horiba Solid Particle Counting System (SPCS) providing PN data from a Euro5-compliant measurement system. To ensure the findings are relevant to the modern automotive business, testing was carried out on a Euro4 compliant passenger car fitted with a high-pressure common-rail diesel engine and using standard homologation procedures. It was found that using FAME decreased total PN emissions, by 16% over the Type I drive cycle (NEDC) for a 30% biodiesel (B30) compared to mineral fuel (B0). FAME also decreased accumulation mode PN and carbonaceous mass, by 20-30% for B30 versus B0, with a consequent reduction in Diesel Particulate Filter loading rate. A 25% increase in the nucleation mode PN was found when using B30 versus B0, and the higher molecular-weight organic mass fraction also increased. Increases in nitrogen oxides when using FAMEcontaining fuels were also confirmed

Where would you turn for help? Older adults’ knowledge and awareness of community support services

The impact that public spending and investment have upon economic growth in the departments of Colombia is examined using the results of national accounts for the years 2000-2011. Figures for departmental production by activity, along with change over the period and information for the gross public capital are brought together to create a statistical model to assess effects. A data panel model is chosen to relate the existing differences between departments and compare the impact of spending and investment between departments using the available information. Results indicate that public spending and investment play an important role in departmental economic dynamic and that its effect is greater in larger and wealthier departments.Se estudia el impacto que tienen el gasto y la inversión pública en el crecimiento económico de los departamentos en Colombia, utilizando los resultados de las cuentas nacionales para el periodo 2000-2011; se estima la cuenta de producción departamental por rama de actividad con el fin de identificar la estructura productiva de dichas regiones, así como sus cambios a lo largo del tiempo, y se consolida información de la formación bruta de capital fijo público, datos con los cuales se especifica un modelo estadístico que estime dichos efectos. Entre las diferentes alternativas instrumentales, se diseña un modelo de panel de datos de efectos fijos que refleja de manera adecuada las diferencias existentes entre los departamentos y captura mejor el impacto del gasto y la inversión con la temporalidad e información disponible. Los resultados indican que el gasto y la inversión públicos inciden directamente en la dinámica económica departamental y se evidencia que su efecto tiende a ser mejor aprovechado por las economías grandes más ricas en mayor medida que por las economías departamentales pequeñas y pobres.Neste artigo, estuda-se o impacto que o gasto e o investimento público têm no crescimento econômico dos estados na Colômbia, utilizando os resultados das contas nacionais para o período 2000-2011; estima-se a conta de produção estadual por ramo de atividade com o objetivo de identificar a estrutura produtiva dessas regiões, bem como suas mudanças ao longo do tempo e consolida-se informação da formação bruta de capital fixo público, dados com os quais se especifica um modelo estatístico que estime esses efeitos. Entre as diferentes alternativas instrumentais, desenha-se um modelo de painel de dados de efeitos fixos que reflita de maneira adequada as diferenças existentes entre os estados e captura melhor o impacto do gasto e do investimento com a temporalidade e informação disponível. Os resultados indicam que o gasto e o investimento públicos incidem diretamente na dinâmica econômica estadual e evidencia-se que seu efeito tende a ser melhor aproveitado pelas economias grandes mais ricas em maior medida que pelas economias estaduais pequenas e pobres