Raccoon: Automated Verification of Guarded Race Conditions in Web Applications

Web applications are distributed, asynchronous applications that can span multiple concurrent processes. They are intended to be used by a large amount of users at the same time. As concurrent applications, web applications have to account for race conditions that may occur when database access happens concurrently. Unlike vulnerability classes, such as XSS or SQL Injection, dbms based race condition flaws have received little attention even though their impact is potentially severe. In this paper, we present Raccoon, an automated approach to detect and verify race condition vulnerabilities in web application. Raccoon identifies potential race conditions through interleaving execution of user traces while tightly monitoring the resulting database activity. Based on our methodology we create a proof of concept implementation. We test four different web applications and ten use cases and discover six race conditions with security implications. Raccoon requires neither security expertise nor knowledge about implementation or database layout, while only reporting vulnerabilities, in which the tool was able to successfully replicate a practical attack. Thus, Raccoon complements previous approaches that did not verify detected possible vulnerabilities

Expressionsanalyse und funktionelle Charakterisierung von Zyklin A1 und der Interaktionspartner des Zyklin A1-CDK2-Komplexes

Die akute myeloische Leukämie (AML) ist eine maligne Erkrankung des hämatopoetischen Systems. Eine Vielzahl von AML-Patienten zeigen im Knochenmark eine hohe Expression des Zellzyklusregulationsproteins Zyklin A1. Hieraus resultierte die Vermutung, dass Zyklin A1 an der Entstehung dieser Erkrankung beteiligt sein könnte. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Genexpression von Zyklin A1 und seiner Interaktionspartner in AML-Knochenmarkproben analysiert und mit den Expressionswerten in normalem Knochenmark verglichen. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit erfolgte eine funktionelle Charakterisierung dieser Proteine. Zyklin A1 und alle untersuchten Interaktionspartner des Zyklin A1-CDK2-Komplexes werden im Knochenmark von AML-Patienten in unterschiedlicher Intensität exprimiert. Zudem zeigten einige der Proteine in der funktionellen Analyse einen Einfluss auf Zellproliferation und -differenzierung. Die Daten bilden die Grundlage für weitergehende Untersuchungen eines möglichen Einflusses von Zyklin A1 bzw. seiner Interaktionspartner auf die Entstehung einer AML

institutional innovation from the bottom up?

A sustainable economy fulfills societal needs in a fundamentally different way to the current economic system. Improvements to the efficiency of existing technologies or practices appear insufficient for achieving sustainable development within the planetary boundaries. Disruptive, systemic and transformational changes appear necessary in order to replace existing technologies and practices to establish a sustainable economy. Such innovations often start out in niches; however, the scaling up and the ultimate replacement of current socio-technical systems requires governance to allow for the coordination of actors, the reorganization of socio-technical systems and the mobilization and allocation of resources. As governmental institutions are part of the current (non-sustainable) systems and thereby fail to provide coherent, integrated and transformative governance, we explore whether institutional innovation from non-state actors can step in to provide governance of transformation processes. Based on explorative qualitative case studies of networks in the food sector, city planning and reporting tools, we analyze the potential of bottom-up institutional innovations to coordinate actors in transformation processes

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High optode-density wearable diffuse optical probe for monitoring paced breathing hemodynamics in breast tissue

Significance: Diffuse optical imaging (DOI) provides in vivo quantification of tissue chromophores such as oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin ([Formula: see text] and HHb, respectively). These parameters have been shown to be useful for predicting neoadjuvant treatment response in breast cancer patients. However, most DOI devices designed for the breast are nonportable, making frequent longitudinal monitoring during treatment a challenge. Furthermore, hemodynamics related to the respiratory cycle are currently unexplored in the breast and may have prognostic value. Aim: To design, fabricate, and validate a high optode-density wearable continuous wave diffuse optical probe for the monitoring of breathing hemodynamics in breast tissue. Approach: The probe has a rigid-flex design with 16 dual-wavelength sources and 16 detectors. Performance was characterized on tissue-simulating phantoms, and validation was performed through flow phantom and cuff occlusion measurements. The breasts of [Formula: see text] healthy volunteers were measured while performing a breathing protocol. Results: The probe has 512 unique source–detector (S-D) pairs that span S-D separations of 10 to 54 mm. It exhibited good performance characteristics: [Formula: see text] drift of 0.34%/h, [Formula: see text] precision of 0.063%, and mean [Formula: see text] up to 41 mm S-D separation. Absorption contrast was detected in flow phantoms at depths exceeding 28 mm. A cuff occlusion measurement confirmed the ability of the probe to track expected hemodynamics in vivo. Breast measurements on healthy volunteers during paced breathing revealed median signal-to-motion artifact ratios ranging from 8.1 to 8.7 dB. Median [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] amplitudes ranged from 0.39 to [Formula: see text] and 0.08 to [Formula: see text] , respectively. Median oxygen saturations at the respiratory rate ranged from 82% to 87%. Conclusions: A wearable diffuse optical probe has been designed and fabricated for the measurement of breast tissue hemodynamics. This device is capable of quantifying breathing-related hemodynamics in healthy breast tissue