29 research outputs found
Type 1 diabetes incidence in Scotland between 2006 and 2019
Aims: To describe type 1 diabetes incidence in Scotland between 2006 and 2019. Methods: Repeated annual crossâsectional studies of type 1 diabetes incidence were conducted. Incident cases were identified from the Scottish Care InformationâDiabetes Collaboration (SCIâDC), a populationâbased register of people with diagnosed diabetes derived from primary and secondary care data. Midâyear population estimates for Scotland were used as the denominator to calculate annual incidence with stratification by age and sex. Joinpoint regression was used to investigate whether incidence changed during the study period. Age and sexâspecific type 1 diabetes incidence over the whole time period was estimated by quintile of the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD), an areaâbased measure, in which Q1 and Q5 denote the most and least deprived fifths of the population, respectively, with quasiâPoisson regression used to compare incidence for Q5 compared to Q1. Results: The median (IQR) age of the study population of 14,564 individuals with incident type 1 diabetes was 24.1 (12.3â42.4) years, 56% were men, 23% were in Q1 and 16% were in Q5. Incidence of T1DM was higher in men than women overall (at around 22 and 17 per 100,000, respectively) and in under 15 year olds (approximately 40 per 100,000 in both sexes) than other age groups and was similar across the study period in all strata. There was an inverse association between socioâeconomic status and type 1 diabetes incidence for 15â29, 30â49 and 50+ year olds [incidence rate ratio (IRR) for Q5 compared to Q1; IRR (95% CI) 0.52 (0.47â0.58), 0.68 (0.61â0.76) and 0.53(0.46â0.61), respectively] but not for under 15 year olds [1.02 (0.92â1.12)]. Conclusion: Incidence of type 1 diabetes varies by age, sex and socioâeconomic status and has remained approximately stable from 2006 to 2019 in Scotland
Making subaltern shikaris: histories of the hunted in colonial central India
Academic histories of hunting or shikar in India have almost entirely focused on the sports hunting of British colonists and Indian royalty. This article attempts to balance this elite bias by focusing on the meaning of shikar in the construction of the Gond âtribalâ identity in late nineteenth and early twentieth-century colonial central India. Coining the term âsubaltern shikarisâ to refer to the class of poor, rural hunters, typically ignored in this historiography, the article explores how the British managed to use hunting as a means of state penetration into central Indiaâs forest interior, where they came to regard their Gond forest-dwelling subjects as essentially and eternally primitive hunting tribes. Subaltern shikaris were employed by elite sportsmen and were also paid to hunt in the colonial regimeâs vermin eradication programme, which targeted tigers, wolves, bears and other species identified by the state as âdangerous beastsâ. When offered economic incentives, forest dwellers usually willingly participated in new modes of hunting, even as impact on wildlife rapidly accelerated and became unsustainable. Yet as non-indigenous approaches to nature became normative, there was sometimes also resistance from Gond communities. As overkill accelerated, this led to exclusion of local peoples from natural resources, to their increasing incorporation into dominant political and economic systems, and to the eventual collapse of hunting as a livelihood. All of this raises the question: To what extent were subaltern subjects, like wildlife, âthe huntedâ in colonial India
COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study
Background:
The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms.
Methods:
International, prospective observational study of 60â109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms.
Results:
âTypicalâ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (â€â18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (â„â70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each Pâ<â0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country.
Interpretation:
This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men
Impact of community-based business model and competitive advantage on exports: evidence from diamond industry
Five year basal cell carcinoma recurrence rates treated with curettage and cautery, a single centre retrospective cohort study
Type 1 diabetes incidence in Scotland between 2006 and 2019
Aims: To describe type 1 diabetes incidence in Scotland between 2006 and 2019. Methods: Repeated annual crossâsectional studies of type 1 diabetes incidence were conducted. Incident cases were identified from the Scottish Care InformationâDiabetes Collaboration (SCIâDC), a populationâbased register of people with diagnosed diabetes derived from primary and secondary care data. Midâyear population estimates for Scotland were used as the denominator to calculate annual incidence with stratification by age and sex. Joinpoint regression was used to investigate whether incidence changed during the study period. Age and sexâspecific type 1 diabetes incidence over the whole time period was estimated by quintile of the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD), an areaâbased measure, in which Q1 and Q5 denote the most and least deprived fifths of the population, respectively, with quasiâPoisson regression used to compare incidence for Q5 compared to Q1. Results: The median (IQR) age of the study population of 14,564 individuals with incident type 1 diabetes was 24.1 (12.3â42.4) years, 56% were men, 23% were in Q1 and 16% were in Q5. Incidence of T1DM was higher in men than women overall (at around 22 and 17 per 100,000, respectively) and in under 15 year olds (approximately 40 per 100,000 in both sexes) than other age groups and was similar across the study period in all strata. There was an inverse association between socioâeconomic status and type 1 diabetes incidence for 15â29, 30â49 and 50+ year olds [incidence rate ratio (IRR) for Q5 compared to Q1; IRR (95% CI) 0.52 (0.47â0.58), 0.68 (0.61â0.76) and 0.53(0.46â0.61), respectively] but not for under 15 year olds [1.02 (0.92â1.12)]. Conclusion: Incidence of type 1 diabetes varies by age, sex and socioâeconomic status and has remained approximately stable from 2006 to 2019 in Scotland