2-Level-Service

2-level-service occurs when an inventory system has two or more locations and one location is the source to another location in the network.  The source location receives its stock from a supplier and -- when called upon -- replenishes the stock to another location, here called the 2-level-service location.  This paper shows how to control the inventory at each location and generates table values on inventory levels for a range of scenarios

Demands Along The Supply Chain

This paper describes how the monthly demands vary at the locations along the supply chain, coming from the customers to a dealer onto a distribution center and finally to a supplier.  The mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation are measured for each of the locations.  The results indicate when the demands tend to be normally distributed and when non-normal

Demands, Backorders, Service Level, Lost Sales And Effective Service Level

The typical way service level is measured in industry is the demand filled over total demand. Unfilled demand becomes a backorder or lost sales. Lost sales demand is often not known or measured by the management.  This paper shows how to estimate the lost sales demand and also shows how to measure an effective service level.  Tables are provided for easy reference and two examples show how to apply the results of this paper to industry situations

The autonomous car - A blessing or a curse for the future of low carbon mobility? An exploration of likely vs. desirable outcomes

Certain developed countries have experienced the ‘peak car’ phenomenon. While this remains to be confirmed longitudinally, it looks certain that future mobility in Europe and elsewhere will be shaped by a particular technological development: driverless or autonomous transport. The ‘autonomous car’ ignites the imagination, yet the research and debate on this topic largely focus on the ‘autonomous’ and not adequately on the ‘car’ element. Like any new technological development, autonomous transport presents ample opportunities to better our mobility system, but similarly it carries risks and can lead into a future mobility that exacerbates, rather than relieves, current deficiencies of our mobility systems, including its high carbon and high cost characteristics. Now it is high time to explore these, before we lock ourselves into the autonomous car future. Using Low Carbon Mobility (LCM) as a guiding framework to assess mobility patterns and based on an extensive literature review, this paper aims to explore where there is a gap between the likely and desirable outcomes when developing the autonomous car and suggest how we might reduce it. Moreover, enhancing on global empirical evidence and forecasts about the opportunities and threats emerging from ICT deployment in transport and initial evidence on the development of the autonomous car, the paper concludes that a desirable outcome will only come if technological development will be accompanied by a social change. A change where public and sharing will be seen as superior to private and individual transport, could make the autonomous car a blessing

Ethical Issues in Transportation

Ethics is a discipline dealing with the set of rules, principles and beliefs used to judge the value of human actions. Ethics are relevant in the transportation sector due to the diversity and the social relevance of its effects, both positive and negative. Normative assessments of transportation plans and policies invoked by policy-makers, researchers and activists often use concepts such as equality, equity, fairness and justice, which are informed by ethical views. Despite the increased interest in these issues in policy debates and research, there are few examples of actual attempts to explicitly address them in transport planning. This entry presents contemporary perspectives around ethical question in transportation, including social understandings of accessibility, risk and environmental effects, as well as a review of transportation project evaluation methods and the implications of ethics for policy-makers, researchers, and individuals and companies making decisions in the transportation market

An ethical assessment of low carbon vehicles using cost benefit analysis

Global concerns about climate change, as confirmed at COP21, have led to lower carbon emissions environmental policies, particularly in the road transport sector. Through an empirical analysis of low carbon vehicle (LCV) policies in California, this paper contrasts the findings from diverse distribution theories between income quintiles - used as a proxy for societal groups - to address vertical equity concerns and offer an overview of impact distribution to policy makers. Thus, it contributes in operationalising ethical theories within transport cost benefit analysis and revisiting impact distribution when promoting low carbon vehicles. Findings indicate that manufacturer penalties are the most effective policy measure to avoid cost transfer between stakeholders. Yet, the analysis shows that those purchasing small LCVs may face disproportional vehicle purchase cost increases which needs to be considered by policy makers. Thus, this paper makes a methodological contribution regarding CBA in practice as well as providing policy relevant recommendations

Min And Max Triangular Extreme Interval Values And Statistics

This paper concerns the triangular distribution and shows how to find the min and max extreme interval values and related statistics (mean, standard deviation, mode, and median) for a range of observation sizes, n.  The extreme interval value, denoted as , represents a bound where the probability of any value less than is α.  Tables and an application are provided

Fusion de données redondantes : une approche explicative

National audienceNous nous intéressons, dans le cadre du projet ANR Qualinca au trai-tement des données redondantes. Nous supposons dans cet article que cette re-dondance a déjà été établie par une étape préalable de liage de données. La question abordée est la suivante : comment proposer une représentation unique en fusionnant les "duplicats" identifiés ? Plus spécifiquement, comment décider, pour chaque propriété de la donnée considérée, quelle valeur choisir parmi celles figurant dans les "duplicats" à fusionner ? Quelle méthode adopter dans le but de pouvoir, par la suite, retracer et expliquer le résultat obtenu de façon trans-parente et compréhensible par l'utilisateur ? Nous nous appuyons pour cela sur une approche de décision multicritère et d'argumentation