Instrumental and theoretical development of capillary electrophoresis and its application to biological systems

The essential aspects of capillary electrophoresis (CE) are outlined. By integrating the electrophoretic current during electromigration, a migration index and an adjusted migration index are introduced to allow the comparison of results obtained under changing conditions including constant and gradient fields as well as capillary lengths, inner diameters and \zeta-potentials. Except for the cases involving inner diameter, the performances of the indices are shown to be superior to all other indicators. In addition, the qualitative precision of migration data is improved. Integration of the current during injection raises the quantitative precision of manual electrokinetic injection to the levels attained with hydrodynamic injection. A model based on field-amplified CE is proposed to describe the electrokinetic injection process involving samples with distinct conductivities and an equation is developed to allow normalization of peak areas at the 1-5% level without the need for quantitative internal standardization. Experiments reveal that the model is valid when electromigration is the predominant mode of migration during injection;The design and performance of a rugged, compact, user-friendly and easily constructed laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detector for CE are presented. By using the 275.4-nm line from an argon-ion laser to excite protein fluorescence originating from the tryptophan residues, limits of detection at the sub-nM level and linear dynamic ranges of at least 3 orders of magnitude for most native proteins in CE are obtained. Native proteins in the intracellular fluid within single human erythrocytes are determined by CE with LIF detection. 29 cells are analyzed and non-Gaussian distributions for total protein, fraction carbonic anhydrase, fraction hemoglobin A[subscript] o and an unspecified component are found. Consistent with the presence of erythrocytes of all ages in the population is the observation of a positive correlation between carbonic anhydrase and hemoglobin A[subscript] o in individual cells;CE with LIF detection is used to address previously untenable problems in the quality control of biopharmaceuticals. They include the quantitation of impurities in amounts less than 0.01% that of the major component, detection of peptides from the injection of only 60 amol of a protein digested with trypsin, assaying of the active ingredient of a biopharmaceutical dosage formulation and multi-parametric, real-time acquisition of kinetic information on an enzymatic reaction with the reagent present at the [mu]M level. Micellar electrokinetic chromatography with LIF detection is utilized to determine dansylated 2[superscript]\u27-deoxynucleoside 5[superscript]\u27-monophosphates of normal and modified bases. Limits of detection at the amol and nM level are obtained. The baseline-separation of the components allows the quantitation of nucleoside monophosphates of modified bases present in less than 1 part per thousand of those of normal bases. A calf thymus DNA digest is analyzed with this technique

Bazzoni-Glaz Conjecture

In their paper, Bazzoni and Glaz conjecture that the weak global dimension of a Gaussian ring is $0,1$ or $\infty$. In this paper, we prove their conjecture.Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1107.044

Clustering the Sketch: A Novel Approach to Embedding Table Compression

Embedding tables are used by machine learning systems to work with categorical features. In modern Recommendation Systems, these tables can be very large, necessitating the development of new methods for fitting them in memory, even during training. We suggest Clustered Compositional Embeddings (CCE) which combines clustering-based compression like quantization to codebooks with dynamic methods like The Hashing Trick and Compositional Embeddings (Shi et al., 2020). Experimentally CCE achieves the best of both worlds: The high compression rate of codebook-based quantization, but *dynamically* like hashing-based methods, so it can be used during training. Theoretically, we prove that CCE is guaranteed to converge to the optimal codebook and give a tight bound for the number of iterations required

Power Backoff Mechanism for Intermodulation Distortion and Harmonic Distortion

This publication describes systems and techniques for power backoff to address intermodulation distortion and harmonic distortion. A wireless communication device, which engineers often refer to as user equipment (UE), includes power backoff logic and a transmit backoff table. In a dual-connectivity environment with operating conditions known to result in potential distortion, a processor of the UE looks up a power backoff level in the transmit backoff table and directs a transceiver to back off the transmit power to mitigate intermodulation distortion or harmonic distortion. The UE can use similar systems and techniques to address distortion issues in carrier aggregation or multi-connectivity environments

Image Capture via Multiple Optical Paths

The present disclosure describes systems and methods that can capture multiple images from multiple optical paths on a single image sensor. More particularly, the multiple optical paths can be directed to the single image sensor, and the image sensor can be partitioned into one or more separate regions to capture the multiple images. An assembly of optical path folding elements can be configured to select one or more images from the multiple optical paths, and allow the selected images to be imaged on a corresponding partitioned region of the single image sensor. The system can actuate the assembly of optical path folding elements to select one or more images to be captured and/or achieve optical image stabilization of the one or more captured images. Keywords associated with the present disclosure include: computing systems (e.g., smartphone, smartwatch, mobile phone, mobile computer, laptop, headset, wearabale); camera; augmented reality; virtual reality; image capture; optical path; folding element; optical image stabilization; image sensor

An Empirical Investigation of the Structure-Conduct-Performance Paradigm in the General Insurance Market

This research aims to provide evidence on the SCP paradigm using recent accounting data. The study looks at the insurance market, specifically the general insurance market using an industrial organisations approach. Previous literature has provided mixed evidence on SCP. Further evidence is required because of the implications on the efficacy of competition policy. This paper extends previous literature with the inclusion of two performance variables and two market structure variables. This enables a better understanding of the determination of prices and profits in the insurance market. The insurance market has been criticised recently for the high premiums charged to customers with a 40% increase over the past year. There is a debate between whether the prices are a consequence of higher costs or firms exploiting their market position, highlighting the need for research in this area. The results are mixed, but do suggest firms exploit their market power to charge higher prices to customers. Evidence was not found for SCP, but the inclusion of two market structure variables has provided further insight into the inclusion of either variable

Intermittency in Two-Dimensional Turbulence with Drag

We consider the enstrophy cascade in forced two-dimensional turbulence with a linear drag force. In the presence of linear drag, the energy wavenumber spectrum drops with a power law faster than in the case without drag, and the vorticity field becomes intermittent, as shown by the anomalous scaling of the vorticity structure functions. Using a previous theory, we compare numerical simulation results with predictions for the power law exponent of the energy wavenumber spectrum and the scaling exponents of the vorticity structure functions $\zeta_{2q}$ obtained in terms of the distribution of finite time Lyapunov exponents. We also study, both by numerical experiment and theoretical analysis, the multifractal structure of the viscous enstrophy dissipation in terms of its R\'{e}nyi dimension spectrum $D_q$ and singularity spectrum $f(\alpha)$. We derive a relation between $D_q$ and $\zeta_{2q}$, and discuss its relevance to a version of the refined similarity hypothesis. In addition, we obtain and compare theoretically and numerically derived results for the dependence on separation $r$ of the probability distribution of \delta_{\V{r}}\omega, the difference between the vorticity at two points separated by a distance $r$. Our numerical simulations are done on a $4096 \times 4096$ grid.Comment: 18 pages, 17 figure