SPATIAL HEDONIC ANALYSIS OF VETERINARIAN INCOME

We investigate a hedonic model for veterinarian income using survey data from the American Veterinarian Medical Association. Diagnostic testing indicates the presence of spatial autoregression in the hedonic income model, which is accounted for by incorporating a spatial component into the regression model. The results provide unique empirical findings about determinants of veterinarian income and spatial patterns, as well as insight useful for governments and academic institutions planning programs and the veterinarian industry.Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession,

DETERMINANTS OF FAST FOOD CONSUMPTION

Replaced with revised version of paper 03/24/03.Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety,

COMMERCIAL BEEF HERD REPLACEMENT STRATEGIES

Annualized cow ownership costs represent a large component of the total costs in a cow-calf enterprise, and therefore impact profitability. Annualized cow costs are determined in large part by the price or cost of that cow when it entered the herd. We find that ownership costs, and in turn cow-herd profitability, can be significantly impacted by heifer replacement strategies. Timing (within the cattle cycle) and method (raise vs. purchase) are both important considerations.Livestock Production/Industries,

Low-Frequency High-Magnitude Mechanical Strain of Articular Chondrocytes Activates p38 MAPK and Induces Phenotypic Changes Associated with Osteoarthritis and Pain

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a debilitating joint disorder resulting from an incompletely understood combination of mechanical, biological, and biochemical processes. OA is often accompanied by inflammation and pain, whereby cytokines associated with chronic OA can up-regulate expression of neurotrophic factors such as nerve growth factor (NGF). Several studies suggest a role for cytokines and NGF in OA pain, however the effects of changing mechanical properties in OA tissue on chondrocyte metabolism remain unclear. Here, we used high-extension silicone rubber membranes to examine if high mechanical strain (HMS) of primary articular chondrocytes increases inflammatory gene expression and promotes neurotrophic factor release. HMS cultured chondrocytes displayed up-regulated NGF, TNFα and ADAMTS4 gene expression while decreasing TLR2 expression, as compared to static controls. HMS culture increased p38 MAPK activity compared to static controls. Conditioned medium from HMS dynamic cultures, but not static cultures, induced significant neurite sprouting in PC12 cells. The increased neurite sprouting was accompanied by consistent increases in PC12 cell death. Low-frequency high-magnitude mechanical strain of primary articular chondrocytes in vitro drives factor secretion associated with degenerative joint disease and joint pain. This study provides evidence for a direct link between cellular strain, secretory factors, neo-innervation, and pain in OA pathology

Divergent and convergent evolution after a common-source outbreak of hepatitis C virus.

The genomic sequences of viruses that are highly mutable and cause chronic infection tend to diverge over time. We report that these changes represent both immune-driven selection and, in the absence of immune pressure, reversion toward an ancestral consensus. Sequence changes in hepatitis C virus (HCV) structural and nonstructural genes were studied in a cohort of women accidentally infected with HCV in a rare common-source outbreak. We compared sequences present in serum obtained 18–22 yr after infection to sequences present in the shared inoculum and found that HCV evolved along a distinct path in each woman. Amino acid substitutions in known epitopes were directed away from consensus in persons having the HLA allele associated with that epitope (immune selection), and toward consensus in those lacking the allele (reversion). These data suggest that vaccines for genetically diverse viruses may be more effective if they represent consensus sequence, rather than a human isolate

Divergent and convergent evolution after a common-source outbreak of hepatitis C virus

The genomic sequences of viruses that are highly mutable and cause chronic infection tend to diverge over time. We report that these changes represent both immune-driven selection and, in the absence of immune pressure, reversion toward an ancestral consensus. Sequence changes in hepatitis C virus (HCV) structural and nonstructural genes were studied in a cohort of women accidentally infected with HCV in a rare common-source outbreak. We compared sequences present in serum obtained 18–22 yr after infection to sequences present in the shared inoculum and found that HCV evolved along a distinct path in each woman. Amino acid substitutions in known epitopes were directed away from consensus in persons having the HLA allele associated with that epitope (immune selection), and toward consensus in those lacking the allele (reversion). These data suggest that vaccines for genetically diverse viruses may be more effective if they represent consensus sequence, rather than a human isolate

Characterization of Food Chain Clostridioides difficile Isolates in Terms of Ribotype and Antimicrobial Resistance

The aim of this study was to characterize C. difficile isolates from the farm, abattoir, and retail outlets in Ireland in terms of ribotype and antibiotic resistance (vancomycin, erythromycin, metronidazole, moxifloxacin, clindamycin, and rifampicin) using PCR and E-test methods, respectively. The most common ribotype in all stages of the food chain (including retail foods) was 078 and a variant (RT078/4). Less commonly reported (014/0, 002/1, 049, and 205) and novel (RT530, 547, and 683) ribotypes were also detected, but at lower frequencies. Approximately 72% (26/36 tested) of the isolates tested were resistant to at least one antibiotic, with the majority of these (65%; 17/26) displaying a multi-drug (three to five antibiotics) resistant phenotype. It was concluded that ribotype 078, a hypervirulent strain commonly associated with C. difficile infection (CDI) in Ireland, was the most frequent ribotype along the food chain, resistance to clinically important antibiotics was common in C. difficile food chain isolates, and there was no relationship between ribotype and antibiotic resistance profile

The lemur diversity of the Fiherenana-Manombo Complex, southwest Madagascar

We conducted the first comprehensive lemur survey of the Fiherenana - Manombo Complex (Atsimo-Andrefana Region), site of PK32-Ranobe, a new protected area within the Madagascar Protected Area System. Our cross-seasonal surveys of three sites revealed the presence of eight lemur species representing seven genera and four families, of which three are diurnal and five are nocturnal species. Six species were only recorded in the riparian and transitional forests of the Fiherenana and Manombo river valleys, while the spiny thicket at Ranobe contains only Microcebus (two species), all larger species having been extirpated by hunting in recent years. Two of our records (Mirza coquereli and Cheirogaleus sp.) represent new locality records or range extensions, but we failed to record one species (Phaner pallescens) expected to occur in the area, and question the literature supporting its presence south of the Manombo river. Our findings highlight the importance of the Fiherenana-Manombo Complex for the conservation of lemurs in southwest Madagascar, but also show that PK32 - Ranobe fails to protect the full lemur diversity of the Complex. The protected area does not include the riparian forests of the Manombo and Fiherenana rivers, and at least three lemur species are therefore unprotected. We strongly support the proposed extension of the protected area to include these riparian forests as well as other important habitats for locally endemic bird and reptile taxa.RÉSUMÉ La zone du Complexe Fiherenana - Manombo (Région d’Atsimo- Andrefana), site de PK32-Ranobe, une nouvelle aire protégée dans le Système des Aires Protégées de Madagascar (SAPM), a fait l’objet d’un premier inventaire de lémuriens. Nos prospections dans trois sites à différentes saisons ont révélé la présence de huit espèces de lémuriens représentés dans sept genres et trois familles, dont trois sont des espèces diurnes et cinq sont des espèces nocturnes. Nous n’avons pas pu identifier l’espèce du genre Lepilemur ni celle du genre Cheirogaleus à défaut de disposer de spécimens. Six espèces ne se trouvaient que dans les forêts riveraines et les forêts de transition des vallées des fleuves Fiherenana et Manombo. Le fourré épineux de Ranobe n’abrite que des Microcebus (deux espèces), toutes les espèces plus grandes ayant déjà été exterminées par la chasse au cours des dernières années. Nos estimations de densité indiquent que la population des Microcebus est deux fois plus importante dans le fourré épineux que dans la forêt riveraine (1,078 individus / km² vs. 546 individus / km²). Nous avons estimé la densité d’Eulemur rufus à 40 groupes / km² dans la vallée du Fiherenana, mais nos transects ne nous ont pas permis d’obtenir des estimations fiables pour les densités de Lemur catta et de Propithecus verreauxi. Deux des espèces répertoriées (Mirza coquereli et Cheirogaleus sp.) représentent de nouvelles observations pour la zone ou des extensions de leurs aires de répartition connues, mais nous n’avons pas pu trouver l’espèce Phaner pallescens qui devait être présente dans la zone et nous émettons des doutes portant sur les références publiées rapportant la présence de l’espèce au sud du fleuve Manombo. Nos résultats mettent en exergue l’importance du Complexe Fiherenana - Manombo pour la conservation des lémuriens dans le sud-ouest de Madagascar, mais ils indiquent que l’aire protégée de PK32 - Ranobe ne protège pas la diversité complète des lémuriens du Complexe. Les forêts riveraines des fleuves Fiherenana et Manombo ne sont pas incluses dans l’aire protégée de sorte qu’au moins trois espèces de lémuriens ne bénéficient alors d’aucune protection. Compte tenu des objectifs du SAPM et plus particulièrement de l’Objectif 1, à savoir ‘Conserver l’ensemble de la biodiversité unique de Madagascar’, nous estimons que la nouvelle aire protégée du PK32-Ranobe n’atteint pas ces objectifs et nous appuyons les efforts des promoteurs afin de re-délimiter l’aire protégée pour inclure les forêts riveraines ainsi que d’autres habitats importants pour la conservation des oiseaux et des reptiles localement endémiques