Risk communication: new challenges for European health policy

Risk communication in one form or another is probably as old as democratic government itself. However, the question of how and when to engage in systematic dialogue about health and environmental risks with the public and other stakeholder groups has only in the last decade become a central concern of many institutions, regulators and administrators, at both national and European Union levels

Management of a transcranial abscess secondary to interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase 4 deficiency.

Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase 4 (IRAK-4) deficiency is a primary immunodeficiency that predisposes to opportunistic pyogenic infections in affected patients. The presentation can be variable, and the microbiological and immunologic management of this condition has been documented; however, the atypical nature of its presentation calls for a different approach in its surgical management. This is the first reported case of transcranial progression of a soft tissue abscess in a patient with IRAK-4 deficiency, with an emphasis on a multidisciplinary approach to treat infection at an extremely vulnerable anatomic site