29 research outputs found

    The COGs (context, object, and goals) in multisensory processing

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    Our understanding of how perception operates in real-world environments has been substantially advanced by studying both multisensory processes and “top-down” control processes influencing sensory processing via activity from higher-order brain areas, such as attention, memory, and expectations. As the two topics have been traditionally studied separately, the mechanisms orchestrating real-world multisensory processing remain unclear. Past work has revealed that the observer’s goals gate the influence of many multisensory processes on brain and behavioural responses, whereas some other multisensory processes might occur independently of these goals. Consequently, other forms of top-down control beyond goal dependence are necessary to explain the full range of multisensory effects currently reported at the brain and the cognitive level. These forms of control include sensitivity to stimulus context as well as the detection of matches (or lack thereof) between a multisensory stimulus and categorical attributes of naturalistic objects (e.g. tools, animals). In this review we discuss and integrate the existing findings that demonstrate the importance of such goal-, object- and context-based top-down control over multisensory processing. We then put forward a few principles emerging from this literature review with respect to the mechanisms underlying multisensory processing and discuss their possible broader implications

    La liberté du travail au faubourg Saint-Antoine à l'épreuve des saisies des jurandes parisiennes (1642- 1778)

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    Thillay Alain. La libertĂ© du travail au faubourg Saint-Antoine Ă  l'Ă©preuve des saisies des jurandes parisiennes (1642- 1778). In: Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine, tome 44 N°4, Octobre-dĂ©cembre 1997. pp. 634-649

    L'Ă©conomie du bas au faubourg Saint-Antoine

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    Abstract The production of stockings on the loom is a technical innovation of the second part of the Seventeenth Century in Paris. To escape the corporations' rules, most of the stockings makers settled, between 1690 and 1730, in the faubourg Saint-Antoine, a privileged workplace. There, despite the opposition of corporations, the activity increased rapidly. But the hosiers ended up controlling privileged craftsmen. The renting, buying or passing of the stockings-frames unables us to follow the opportunities offered to the craftsmen, and the risks of the freedom of work in the faubourg Saint-Antoine.RĂ©sumĂ© La production des bas au mĂ©tier est une innovation technique de la seconde moitiĂ© du XVIIe siĂšcle. À Paris, pour Ă©chapper aux rĂšglements corporatifs, de nombreux ouvriers en bas s'installent, entre 1690 et 1730, au faubourg Saint-Antoine. MalgrĂ© la rĂ©sistance des jurandes, l'activitĂ© se dĂ©veloppe rapidement dans ce lieu de travail privilĂ©giĂ©. Les marchands bonnetiers finissent par contrĂŽler l'activitĂ© et les ouvriers privilĂ©giĂ©s, mais la location, l'achat ou la transmission des mĂ©tiers Ă  faire bas permettent de suivre les multiples opportunitĂ©s qui s'offrent aux artisans, en mĂȘme temps que les alĂ©as de la libertĂ© du travail au faubourg Saint-Antoine.Thillay Alain. L'Ă©conomie du bas au faubourg Saint-Antoine. In: Histoire, Ă©conomie et sociĂ©tĂ©, 1998, 17ᔉ annĂ©e, n°4. Paris, sous la direction de Scarlett Beauvalet. pp. 677-692

    Le faubourg Saint-Antoine et la liberté du travail sous l'ancien Régime

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    Abstract For a long time the old regime organisation of work has been reduced to the corporate model and the simplifying trilogy of master-journeyman-apprentice. The exemple of the faubourg Saint-Antoine, which became a privileged workplace in 1657, gave another aspect of reality. The king, who preserved craftsmen from the Parisian guilds' jurĂ©s and from the mastership obligation, promoted the freedom of work in this suburb. In spite of guilds' claims, the monarchy defended the granted privileges all the time. The manufacturers, the craftsmen or the chambrelans took liberties, without any risk, with the corporate statutes. So, after 1667, the apprentices were fewer than the allouĂ©s in the faubourf Saint-Antoine. The allouĂ©s real journeymen or most of the time young men who served their apprenticeship with the faubourg Saint-Antoine craftsmen, without being given any chance to reach mastership. Finally, some guilds' members used to co-operate with the faubourg Saint-Antoine craftsmen or lived in this privileged workplace. The guilds' lawsuits against the faubourg Saint-Antoine privileges concealed a more complex situation.RĂ©sumĂ© On a longtemps rĂ©duit l'organisation du travail sous l'Ancien RĂ©gime au modĂšle corporatif et au schĂ©ma simplificateur maĂźtre-compagnon-apprenti. L'exemple du faubourg Saint-Antoine, devenu lieu de travail privilĂ©giĂ© dans Paris en 1657, montre une autre rĂ©alitĂ©. Le roi, qui soustrait les artisans du faubourg aux visites des jurĂ©s parisiens et Ă  l'obligation de maĂźtrise, favorise la libertĂ© du travail dans un quartier pĂ©riphĂ©rique de la capitale. MalgrĂ© les attaques des corporations, la monarchie dĂ©fend sans cesse les privilĂšges accordĂ©s aux artisans. Les entrepreneurs de manufactures, les artisans, les chambrelans, prennent donc, sans risque, des libertĂ©s par rapport aux statuts corporatifs. Ainsi, aprĂšs 1667, les apprentis deviennent moins nombreux que les allouĂ©s au faubourg Saint- Antoine. VĂ©ritables compagnons ou plus souvent jeunes gens qui s'engagent dans un apprentissage qui ne les conduira pas Ă  la maĂźtrise, les allouĂ©s Ă©chappent au modĂšle maĂźtre-compagnon-apprenti. Enfin, certains membres des corporations coopĂšrent avec les artisans du faubourg Saint-Antoine et demeurent, pour plusieurs d'entre eux, en ce lieu privilĂ©giĂ©. Le juridique engagĂ© par les corporations masque donc une rĂ©alitĂ© plus complexe.Thillay Alain. Le faubourg Saint-Antoine et la libertĂ© du travail sous l'ancien RĂ©gime. In: Histoire, Ă©conomie et sociĂ©tĂ©, 1992, 11ᔉ annĂ©e, n°2. pp. 217-236

    Reynald Abad, Le grand marché. L'approvisionnement alimentaire de Paris sous l'Ancien Régime

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    Thillay Alain. Reynald Abad, Le grand marchĂ©. L'approvisionnement alimentaire de Paris sous l'Ancien RĂ©gime. In: Histoire, Ă©conomie et sociĂ©tĂ©, 2004, 23ᔉ annĂ©e, n°2. La sociĂ©tĂ©, la guerre, la paix, 1911-1946, sous la direction de Olivier Forcade. pp. 307-308

    Study of the brain mechanisms involved in visual predicitive context processing in autism

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    Des rĂ©actions inhabituelles et disproportionnĂ©es face aux changements survenant de maniĂšre imprĂ©visible dans l’environnement sont observĂ©es dans l’autisme. L’objectif de ce travail est de caractĂ©riser chez des adolescents et des jeunes adultes avec autisme les mĂ©canismes neurophysiologiques impliquĂ©s dans le traitement d’un contexte visuel prĂ©dictif Ă  partir de l’analyse des potentiels Ă©voquĂ©s et des oscillations cĂ©rĂ©brales. L’étude de la maturation au cours de l’adolescence chez le sujet au dĂ©veloppement typique montre que les mĂ©canismes de prĂ©diction sont matures dĂšs l’ñge de 12 ans. Les personnes avec autisme parviennent Ă  extraire l’information pertinente dans un contexte simple, certain et explicite, et Ă  l’utiliser pour se prĂ©parer Ă  la survenue d’un Ă©vĂ©nement afin d’y avoir une rĂ©ponse adaptĂ©e. Ces rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent que les mĂ©canismes de traitement d’un contexte visuel prĂ©dictif dans un contexte certain sont prĂ©servĂ©s dans l’autisme. Toutefois, les personnes avec autisme sur-anticipent les stimulations imprĂ©visibles, en accord avec leur impression de surcharge sensorielle. Elles prĂ©sentent Ă©galement des difficultĂ©s pour moduler de maniĂšre flexible les activitĂ©s corticales en fonction du niveau d’incertitude du contexte, en accord avec le dĂ©faut d’adaptation Ă  un monde en perpĂ©tuel changement. Ce travail suggĂšre qu’un dysfonctionnement des mĂ©canismes de prĂ©diction dans un contexte incertain pourrait fournir un cadre thĂ©orique permettant de mieux comprendre les particularitĂ©s rencontrĂ©es dans l'autisme.Individuals with autism react in an unusual and disproportionate way if unpredictable changes occur in their environment. The aim of the present work is to investigate brain mechanisms involved in visual predictive context processing in adolescents and adults with autism using analysis of event-related potentials and brain oscillations. The developmental study shows that mechanisms of prediction are mature by the age of 12 in typically developing adolescents. Individuals with autism are able to extract relevant information from the stimulus train in a simple, certain and explicit context, to use it in order to anticipate the occurrence of an event and to have an appropriate response, suggesting preserved extraction and use of predictive information during a certain context. However, individuals with autism over-anticipate stimuli during an uncertain context, consistent with the sense of being overwhelmed by incoming information, and also cannot flexibly modulate cortical activity according to changing levels of uncertainty, in agreement with atypical adaptation in an ever-changing world. This work suggests that a dysfunction of predictive processing in an uncertain context might provide a theoretical framework to better understand the symptoms encountered in autism

    Presbyopia compensation: looking for cortical predictors

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    International audienceNew surgical techniques have recently been developed in order to compensate for visual impairment and to improve visual comfort for patients with presbyopia. However, the results are still variable, depending on the correction modality used and/or the patient. The main purpose of this study was to identify predictive electrophysiological markers of postcorrection visual comfort for patients with presbyopia. Thirteen patients with presbyopia (aged between 45 and 60 years) received successive randomised presbyopia compensation with contact lenses supplying monovision (one eye corrected for distance, the other for near vision) and simultaneous vision (progressive lenses). The period for each type of correction lasted for 3 weeks, with a 2-week break without any presbyopia compensation between the two test phases. Examinations were performed at entry (T0) and after each correction modality (Tmono and Tsimult). They included testing for near and distance visual acuity, stereoacuity, binocular contrast sensitivity and electrophysiological recordings (monocular and binocular visual evoked potentials). Follow-up showed no significant differences between the two compensation modalities for either clinical or electrophysiological criteria. However, a significant correlation was found between the difference in TNO score (monovision-simultaneous vision) and the P100 latency evoked by the binocular pattern at T0, suggesting that late P100 latency could be associated with a lesser degree of decrease in stereoacuity with monovision. While our findings do not permit decisions regarding the superiority of one type of compensation over another, these preliminary results support using the P100 latency evoked by binocular patterns as a predictor of postcompensation stereoacuity. NCT02444130, Pre-results
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