Transfer of colostrum components to newborn calves

Bovine colostrum provides essential nutrition for newborn calves, and contains not only nutrients and growth factors but also various immune and bioactive components that impart passive immunity to help neonates resist infection during the first days of their life. The main objectives of this project were 1) to determine if different calves that receive identical colostrum from the same cow will absorb the colostrum components equally, 2) to investigate whether calves fed colostrum and transition milk pooled from cows 0-4 days postpartum receive adequate passive immunity, and 3) to explore whether immune-related microRNAs in the colostrum are absorbed by neonate calves. For this project, 35 Holstein-Friesian bull calves were randomly allocated into three groups. Group A calves were fed colostrum from their own dam and Group B calves were fed foster cow colostrum. Group A and B calves were paired and received identical colostrum from each milking of the Group A dams for 3 days. The Group C calves were fed only one bottle of pooled colostrum (2 L), and then bulk tank milk thereafter. The components in dam colostrum were higher than the pooled colostrum (except lactose), and consequently, the Group A calves that received their own dam colostrum for 3 days had a higher total serum protein and IgG concentration during the first week after birth than the Group C calves that received only one bottle of pooled colostrum. The paired Group A and B calves that received identical colostrum had similar levels of serum protein and IgG, although the levels in the Group B calves were slightly lower than the Group A calves. The Group C calves had less serum protein and IgG than the Group A and B calves, but did have adequate passive immunity transfer based on the accepted threshold (> 10 g/L IgG). Only two calves, one in Group B and one in Group C, did not receive adequate IgG. So no differences were detected in the proportion of calves that had failure of passive immunity transfer (FPIT) in the three calf Groups based on the IgG threshold. MicroRNAs were in high concentrations in dam and pooled colostrum as well as in the calf blood based on RNA sequencing. There were 296 known miRNAs and 7 novel microRNAs identified in the colostrum. There was only 4 in total of 303 miRNAs detected in dam colostrum that showed higher levels than pooled colostrum. The pathway analysis of the top 100 highly expressed microRNA in the colostrum indicated that the microRNAs in the colostrum were more related to mammary gland function than calf passive immunity or development. In the calf blood, there were 1,004 known miRNAs and 194 novel microRNAs identified. Calves were born with complex microRNAs and at high levels. There were only 22 microRNAs differentially expressed between day 0 before colostrum feeding and day 1 after the calves received colostrum. Of these 22 miRNAs, three miRNAs had higher levels at day 1 after two colostrum feeds. However, there was no evidence that the microRNAs in the dam colostrum were absorbed into the calf blood. Immune-related microRNAs, namely miR-142-5p, miR-150, miR-155, miR-181a, and miR-223, in dam colostrum were shown to decrease steadily within 1 week postpartum by RT-qPCR. The levels of some of these microRNAs in the calf blood differed during the first 7 days after birth. Some microRNAs were high at birth and day 1 after birth, and then declined (miR-150 and miR-223). Other microRNAs increased by day 1 after birth, and then decreased thereafter (miR-155 and miR-181a). Overall, the results suggest that the calves are synthesizing most of their own microRNAs, and the microRNAs are not absorbed from the colostrum into their blood. In conclusion, calves appear to absorb colostrum components equally. So it is possible to provide calves adequate passive immunity using a single bottle of pooled colostrum if the pooled colostrum is of reasonable quality and fed shortly after birth. While most colostrum components are absorbed by the calves, the microRNAs are an exception.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 202

The impact of ownership structure on corporate performance (business-operating result) of listed companies on Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange – A comparison the period 2006-2008 vs 2015-2017 – 10 years overview

This research studies the relationship between equity structure and business performance/ operating results of listed companies on HOSE for three years 2015, 2016, and 2017. This is not only an important aspect of corporate governance but also more important for companies operating in the form of a joint-stock company. The author uses the Enterprise Management System theory and references Xu and Wang's research model applied to Chinese joint-stock companies (1997). The used data is secondary data including indicators showing the company's business results (ROA, ROE, P/B) and equity ratios of shareholders (ownership concentration, ownership components). The research method was performed by regression analysis using SPSS software, in which the dependent variables are indicators of the company's business results, the main independent variables represent the equity structure. After analyzing data, the study has drawn two main results. The first result is that the ownership component of individuals (personal) hurts on the business performance of companies, in contrast to the fraction of equity owned by state and equity owned by legal person/institution (organizational entities) do not have any influence on the linear correlation. The second result is the concentration of ownership has no relation to the business performance of companies. With the above results, this topic can be studied more extensively for all types of other ownership such as domestic shareholders and foreign shareholders; due to both two types increasingly essential for companies and investors in the joint-stock market

The Combined Use of Pediococcus pentosaceus and Fructooligosaccharide Improves Growth Performance, Immune Response, and Resistance of Whiteleg Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Against Vibrio parahaemolyticus

In this study, we evaluated the effect of probiotic bacteria Pediococcus pentosaceus supplemented at different inclusion levels in a control diet [basal diet containing 0.5% fructooligosaccharide (FOS)] on the growth performance, feed conversion ratio, immune response, and the disease resistance of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles against Vibrio parahaemolyticus. A control diet with 0.5% FOS but without P. pentosaceus supplementation (Control) was prepared. In addition, three other test diets were also formulated: control diet supplemented with P. pentosaceus at (i) 1 x 10(6) cfu g(-1) diet (P1), (ii) 1 x 10(7) cfu g(-1) diet (P2), or (iii) 1 x 10(8) cfu g(-1) diet (P3). After a 60-day feeding trial, the experimental shrimps were challenged with V. parahaemolyticus. The results showed that dietary supplementation of P. pentosaceus significantly improved the growth performance and immune responses of L. vannamei juveniles. The juveniles that were fed with a P2 or P3 diet recorded the maximum increase in the final body weight, final length, weight gain, and survival rate. The total hemocyte counts, phenoloxidase, and lysozyme activity of shrimp fed with either of these two diets were significantly enhanced. The results also showed that juveniles fed with a P2 or P3 diet exhibited significantly lower mortality when challenged with V. parahaemolyticus. Overall results suggested that a combination of P. pentosaceus at the inclusion level of 1 x 10(7) cfu g(-1) diet (P2) and 0.5% FOS could be considered as a potential synbiotic formulation for improving the growth, health, and robustness of L. vannamei

The Impact of FDI, International Trade, and National Economy on People’s Standard of Living in ASEAN Countries

This research paper analyzes the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI), international trade, and national economy on the standard of living of people in ASEAN member countries, using data from 2012-2021. The study uses data from this period to examine the effects of these variables on the standard of living in ASEAN member countries. The results indicate that international trade and national economy have a significant influence on people's standard of living in the region. However, the effect of FDI varies depending on the level of development of the country. While FDI doesn't have much effect on developing countries, it has a negative impact on developed countries. The study also provides insights for policymakers on how to promote economic growth and improve the quality of life for people in the ASEAN. Keywords: FDI, international trade, national economy, the standard of living, ASEAN DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/15-6-10 Publication date:March 31st 2023

Determinants of Green Banking Implementation in Emerging Country: Evidence from Vietnam Banks

With the purpose of examining which factors affecting on the implementation of ‘Green Banking’ in transitional countries, the research used in-depth interview and survey questionnaire with statistics analysis with the case of Vietnam banks. The results showed that in emerging country such as Vietnam, the level of ‘Green Banking’ implementation is most affected by Human determinant, followed by Strategy, Product & Services, Culture and Technology determinant respectively. Based on findings, several implications were proposed to enhance the performance of these kind of environment friendly financial products in transitional country. By determining these factors, the banking sector in transitional countries will enhance the implementation of ‘Green Banking’ and achieve sustainable development in the context of escalating environmental contamination. Keywords: Green Banking, Implementation, Emerging Country, Human DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/11-15-04 Publication date:May 31st 201

Globalization And Its Effect On Post-Millennium Literature

Globalization, as a slowly spreading risk factor, covers almost the whole country with its full force. Literature and literary studies have evolved into a space for the evocation, promotion and interpretation of various social, political, literary and cultural ideas in the world of globalization. Indian Literature after Independence of India has seen some significant changes in the literary writings. Today, the younger generation in the country is searching for a new identity and they are at the intersection of Individuality, Culture and Society. In the world of literature, the call-center generation sees itself as India’s cultural commissars, projecting India as a land of illumination and emancipation. The major Samson of the youth lies in the power of the youth through the unlimited consumption of natural and human resources. The novels of the millennium assist us in dispelling the myth that contemporary writing is only for the light entertainment of the younger generations. &nbsp

Multi-objective optimization for balancing surface roughness and material removal rate in milling hardened SKD11 alloy steel with SIO2 nanofluid MQL

In manufacturing practice, manufacturers always strive to achieve both quality and productivity targets simultaneously. In the first part, this study examines the relationship between input factors, including cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed rate, and the output response, which is surface roughness, when milling hardened SKD11 alloy steel under minimum coolant lubrication conditions using SiO2 nanofluid. The input parameters are divided into four levels to determine their influence on surface roughness and to find the optimal conditions for achieving the minimum surface roughness. The experimental design was conducted using an L16 array. A second-order regression model was developed to describe the relationship between the input variables and the output response. In the second part, multi-objective optimization was performed to simultaneously achieve the minimum surface roughness and the maximum material removal rate (MRR). The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed in this study. The results indicated that to achieve the minimum surface roughness, machining should be performed at a cutting speed of 100 m/min, a cutting depth of 0.2 mm, and a feed rate of 0.01 mm/tooth. With these settings, the predicted surface roughness could reach 0.0451 µm. On the other hand, for the multi-objective optimization, to achieve the minimum surface roughness and the maximum MRR simultaneously, machining should be carried out at a cutting speed of 100 m/min, a cutting depth of 0.36 mm, and a feed rate of 0.0168 mm/tooth. With this cutting condition, the predicted surface roughness could reach 0.1069 µm, and the predicted MRR could reach 775.06 mm3/mi

ẢNH HƯỞNG CỦA NỀN ĐÁY CÁT VÀ ĐÁ SỐNG LÊN CHẤT LƯỢNG MÔI TRƯỜNG BỂ NUÔI CÁ CẢNH BIỂN

Marine ornamental aquarium is more and more popular. Nowadays, biofiltration system can convert nitrogen from toxic forms (NH4+/NH3, NO2-) into a less toxic form (NO3-), which creates a better water quality for the development of ornamental fishes in aquarium tank. This experiment was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of environmental quality by supplementation of sand and live rock in aquarium tank. There were two treatments with rock and sand supplement to the bottom of the tanks (NT1) and tanks without rock and sand added (NT2). There were 3 replicates for each treatment and the experiments were carried out in ten weeks. Results showed that sand and live rock could improve water quality and play as good place for fish and other creature hiding and reduce the water used. Water temperatures were 28.69oC (NT1) and 28.80oC (NT2), pH was about 8.13, salinity ranged from 34‰ to 35‰ in both treatments. NH4+was 0.035 ± 0.003 mgN/ml in the two treatments. After 2 weeks of putting fish in the experimental tanks NO2- values were 0.023 mgN/l (in treatment NT2) and 0.018 mgN/l (in treatment NT1). The average values of NO2- for whole experimental period in the NT1 and NT2 were 0.008 ± 0.001 mgN/l and 0.010 ± 0.002 mgN/l, respectively (P = 0.061). NO3- values were not significantly different between the two treatments (P 0.05). However, the ratio of NO2-/NO3- in NT1 was lower compared to this value in NT2 (NT1: 0.15 ± 0.03% and NT2: 0.39 ± 0.09%, P = 0.018). This paper provides an important reference to help aquarists to design and control their ornamental aquarium tank suitably.Hệ thống lọc sinh học là nơi sinh sống của các vi khuẩn ni trat hóa - các vi khuẩn có vai trò chuyển hóa ni tơ thải ra từ cá và vật nuôi ở dạng độc (NH4+/NH3) sang dạng ít độc hơn (NO3-). Các vi khuẩn này sống bám trên các giá thể như đá và cát. Thí nghiệm đánh giá hiệu quả cải thiện chất lượng môi trường của việc bổ sung nền đáy cát và đá vào bể nuôi cá cảnh biển. Thí nghiệm bao gồm 2 nghiệm thức. Nghiệm thức 1 (NT1): Bổ sung đá sống và cát vào bể nuôi và nghiệm thức 2 (NT2): Bể nuôi có đáy trần. Mỗi nghiệm thức có kết quả thí nghiệm cho thấy, bổ sung nền đáy cát và đá sống vào bể nuôi đã đem lại hiệu quả cải thiện rõ rệt các muối dinh dưỡng nitơ từ dạng có độc hại cho vật nuôi sang dạng ít độc hơn. Nhiệt độ 28,69oC (NT1) và 28,80oC (NT2), pH xấp xỉ 8,13 và độ mặn dao động 34–35‰ ở cả 2 nghiệm thức thí nghiệm. NH4+ở cả 2 nghiệm thức có giá trị trung bình 0,035 ± 0,003 mgN/ml. Sau 2 tuần thả cá, hàm lượng NO2- 0,023 mgN/l (NT2) và 0,018 mgN/l (NT1). NO2- trung bình ở NT1 và NT2 lần lượt là 0,008 ± 0,001 mgN/l và 0,010 ± 0,002 mgN/l (P = 0,061). Hàm lượng NO3- giữa 2 nghiệm thức không khác nhau có ý nghĩa thống kê (P 0,05). Tuy nhiên, tỷ lệ NO2-/NO3- ở NT1 nhỏ hơn có ý nghĩa thống kê so với NT2 (NT1: 0,15% ± 0,03% và NT2: 0,39% ± 0,09%, P = 0,018). Ngoài ra việc bổ sung nền đáy cát và đá sống tạo sinh cảnh và tạo nơi ẩn nấp cho cá. Đồng thời cũng giúp hạn chế thay nước và vệ sinh nền đáy của bể nuôi có đáy cát và đá sống. Kết quả nghiên cứu là cở sở khoa học quan trọng để bổ sung đá sống và cát trong bể nuôi cá cảnh tại Bảo tàng Hải dương học