167 research outputs found

    Les disciplines paléoenvironnementales

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    Depuis l’apparition des premiers hominidĂ©s, toutes les sociĂ©tĂ©s humaines puisent une part considĂ©rable de leurs ressources, qu’elles soient minĂ©rales, animales ou vĂ©gĂ©tales, dans leur environnement. Les milieux, les paysages, les Ă©cosystĂšmes dans lesquels ont Ă©voluĂ© ces sociĂ©tĂ©s nous sont connus chaque jour plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment, tout comme la façon dont l’homme s’est mis Ă  les exploiter et Ă  les gĂ©rer. Cette connaissance des environnements du passĂ© et de leur Ă©volution est rendue possible par la ..

    The Mediterranean Region under Climate Change. A Scientific Update: Abridged English/French Version

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    This book has been published by Allenvi (French National Alliance for Environmental Research) to coincide with the 22nd Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP22) in Marrakesh. It is the outcome of work by academic researchers on both sides of the Mediterranean and provides a remarkable scientific review of the mechanisms of climate change and its impacts on the environment, the economy, health and Mediterranean societies. It will also be valuable in developing responses that draw on “scientific evidence” to address the issues of adaptation, resource conservation, solutions and risk prevention. Reflecting the full complexity of the Mediterranean environment, the book is a major scientific contribution to the climate issue, where various scientific considerations converge to break down the boundaries between disciplines

    Chapter 1. People and climate change in the past

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    The current climate change has encouraged interdisciplinary collaboration to better understand the role that climate may have played in the development of past Mediterranean societies. Over the past twenty years, palaeoenvironmental research in the Mediterranean has progressed significantly, mainly based on marine, lake, marsh, peat bog and fluvial archives. These records demonstrate the long anthropogenic impact on the Mediterranean ecosystems but also provide evidence of significant climatic instability with notable periods of rapid climate change (RCC) at the global scale during the Holocene (9.2, 8.2, 6-5, 4.2, 3.2 ka cal. BP (c. 7.2, 6.2, 4-3, 2.2, 1.2 ka BC). The study of the climate in the last millennium is of particular interest because this period encompasses the most recent pre-industrial warm interval known as the Medieval Climate Anomaly followed by the coldest centuries of the Little Ice Age, which was interrupted around 1850 by the industrial era. In parallel with major progress in generating proxy signals, model simulations of the climate in last millennium using stateof-the-art coupled ocean-atmosphere models in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) allow cross-analyses of proxy and model data to explore the physical mechanisms at play and the role of external factors like solar activity, volcanism, land use and greenhouse gases in climate variability.Le changement climatique observĂ© actuellement stimule l’interdisciplinaritĂ© et les collaborations entre scientifiques, l’objectif Ă©tant de comprendre, le plus finement possible, le rĂŽle que le climat a jouĂ© au cours du passĂ©, dans le dĂ©veloppement des sociĂ©tĂ©s mĂ©diterranĂ©ennes. Depuis plus de trente ans, les recherches sur les palĂ©o-environnements en rĂ©gions mĂ©diterranĂ©ennes ont fortement progressĂ©; elles se fondent, la plupart du temps, sur les archives du sol, des sĂ©diments marins, des lacs, marais et tourbiĂšres et des archives fluviales. Les rĂ©sultats montrent l’impact des sociĂ©tĂ©s humaines sur les Ă©cosystĂšmes mĂ©diterranĂ©ens sur le long terme. Ils apportent aussi la preuve d’instabilitĂ©s climatiques avec des pĂ©riodes de changement rapide (RCC) observĂ©es Ă  une Ă©chelle globale au cours de l’HolocĂšne (9.2, 8.2, 6-5, 4.2, 3.2 ka cal. BP (c. 7.2, 6.2, 4-3, 2.2, 1.2 ka BC). L’étude du climat du dernier millĂ©naire est particuliĂšrement intĂ©ressante car elle englobe la pĂ©riode de rĂ©chauffement prĂ©industrielle la plus rĂ©cente, connue sous le nom d’anomalie climatique mĂ©diĂ©vale, suivie par le petit Ăąge glaciaire qui s’interrompt vers 1850 avec l’ùre industrielle.En parallĂšle, les progrĂšs des techniques de recherche, la production d’analyses multiproxy et de modĂšles de simulations permettent, en couplant les modĂšles ocĂ©an-athmosphĂšre avec les modĂšles du projet d’intercomparaison (projet CMIP), des analyses croisĂ©es. Ils autorisent la production de modĂšles, qui explorent le rĂŽle des mĂ©canismes physiques et des facteurs externes comme l’activitĂ© solaire, le volcanisme, l’utilisation des terres et les gaz Ă  effet de serre dans la variabilitĂ© du climat

    Chapter 3. Local knowledge, scientific knowledge and food security in the Mediterranean region

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    Intricate linkages between climate change and socio-political dynamics in the Mediterranean region may give rise to new risks for crops and food security. As one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots, the Mediterranean is also a major cradle of domestication and harbors a vast array of wild crop varieties and traditional landraces. We examine various situations in which local historical knowledge configures landscapes and produces agro-biodiversity – living matrices incorporating nature and culture and contributing to the history of the Mediterranean region.These landscapes are suffering from urbanization and inappropriate public policies that overlook the importance of local farmers’ knowledge. This chapter aims at evaluating local practices within a set of agroecosystems and their inputs to secure food security within the context of climate change.The following cases are analyzed: (1) the use of wild olive (oleasters) grafted with olive varieties to create biological heterogeneity – an old technique perpetuated by farmers in northern Morocco and currently being replaced by large scale monoclonal olive plantations; (2) the ongoing taming of interactions between the Black truffle, their host trees and companion plants managed by truffle growers – currently under ecological experimentation; (3) the secular domestication of the Argan tree and associated bee keeping, favoring diversity through the engineering of differentiated spaces and protection of rich nut diversity – the latter is now marketed for the cosmetic industry; (4) locally differentiated bee populations in CĂ©vennes in France, linked to local practices, and undergoing threats due to changes in practices and hybridization with imported bee populations.The models described form part of a framework of biocultural and spatiotemporal interactions which it is now essential to understand. Above all, the situations described all bear within them key ideas for a more joined-up relationship between local and scientific knowledge.Les effets conjoints du changement climatique et des dynamiques sociopolitiques accroissent les risques sur les espĂšces cultivĂ©es et la sĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire en MĂ©diterranĂ©e. Hotspot de biodiversitĂ© Ă  l’échelle mondiale, cette rĂ©gion est Ă©galement un des berceaux de la domestication ; en outre, la rĂ©gion comporte de nombreux parents sauvages ainsi qu’un grand nombre de cultivars et de races traditionnelles. Nous examinons diverses situations illustrant le rĂŽle des savoirs locaux historiques dans la configuration des paysages et de l’agrobiodiversitĂ© – des matrices vivantes incorporant nature et culture et ayant contribuĂ© Ă  l’histoire de la rĂ©gion. Ces paysages souffrent de l’urbanisation et de politiques publiques ne prenant pas en compte l’importance des savoirs agricoles locaux. Ce chapitre Ă©value les pratiques locales dans une sĂ©rie d’agroĂ©cosystĂšmes et leurs apports Ă  la sĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire dans un contexte de changement climatique.Nous abordons les cas d’étude suivants : (1) l’utilisation de la diversitĂ© biologique d’oliviers sauvages (olĂ©astres) greffĂ©s par des variĂ©tĂ©s d’oliviers, une ancienne technique perpĂ©tuĂ©e par les paysans du nord du Maroc et en cours de remplacement par des plantations d’oliviers monoclonaux, Ă  une large Ă©chelle ; (2) l’apprivoisement en cours de la Truffe noire, de son arbre hĂŽte et de ses plantes compagnes par les trufficulteurs; la gestion des plantes compagnes fait dĂ©sormais l’objet d’expĂ©rimentation en Ă©cologie ; (3) la domestication sĂ©culaire de l’arganier associĂ©e Ă  l’apiculture, favorisant la diversitĂ© Ă  travers la diffĂ©renciation des espaces et la protection d’une riche diversitĂ© de noix ; cette derniĂšre est en forte demande pour l’industrie cosmĂ©tique ; (4) la diffĂ©renciation des populations locales d’abeilles dans les CĂ©vennes en France, en lien avec des pratiques locales menacĂ©es par des changements de pratiques et l’hybridation avec des populations d’abeilles importĂ©es. Tous les modĂšles dĂ©crits font partie d’un cadre spatio-temporel et d’interactions bioculturelles qu’il est dĂ©sormais essentiel de mieux saisir. Surtout, les situations dĂ©crites comportent toutes des idĂ©es clĂ©s pour une meilleure synergie entre savoirs locaux et savoirs scientifiques

    Introduction. Climate change in the Mediterranean

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    The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), whose work played a major role in the ‘historic’ agreement reached at the 21st Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 21) in Paris in December 2015, has shown that the Mediterranean Basin is one of the most vulnerable areas of the planet to climate change. COP 22 will take place in Marrakesh from 7 to 18 November but ahead of this event, Morocco hosted MedCOP Climate, the Mediterranean c..

    Perceptions et reprĂ©sentations de l’espace Ă  travers les analyses archĂ©obotaniques

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    RĂ©sumĂ©Cette contribution montre Ă  travers quatre exemples comment une liste floristique obtenue par l’identification de macrorestes peut ĂȘtre interprĂ©tĂ©e en termes de lieux d’exploitation et de modes de gestion, suivant que l’on a affaire Ă  des sites archĂ©ologiques en grotte, en plein air, ou Ă  des sĂ©quences naturelles. Dans les premier et dernier cas, une vision verticale de l’espace prĂ©vaut (Ă©tagement des formations vĂ©gĂ©tales des plus hygrophiles dans la vallĂ©e vers les plus montagnardes sur les hauteurs), alors que dans le cas de sites de plein air on opte pour une reprĂ©sentation concentrique des zones d’approvisionnement. Les groupements vĂ©gĂ©taux sont ainsi replacĂ©s dans l’espace physique en fonction non seulement de leurs exigences Ă©cologiques, mais aussi de schĂ©mas mentaux prĂ©Ă©tablis. Cette reprĂ©sentation reste toutefois biaisĂ©e par notre mĂ©connaissance des systĂšmes socioculturels rĂ©gissant la rĂ©colte des vĂ©gĂ©taux (gestion des ressources, partages, tabous, territorialitĂ©...).AbstractFour examples serve to show how a list of plants obtained by identifying macroremains can be interpreted in terms of places of exploitation and modes of management, depending on whether they come from archeological sites in- or outside caves, or on natural sequences. In the first and last cases, a vertical vision of space prevails, with plant forms on terraces from the most hygrophilous in valleys up to highland areas. In the case of sites outside caves, space can be seen as concentric provisioning zones. Plant groups are thus situated in physical space as a function not just of their ecological requirements but also of preestablished mental schemata. This conception is, however, biased by our lack of knowledge about the sociocultural systems that govern harvesting (resource management, redistribution of yields, taboos, territoriality...)

    De l’arolle ou du chĂȘne ? MobilitĂ© verticale et exploitation des ressources vĂ©gĂ©tales au NĂ©olithique dans les Alpes occidentales

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    Au NĂ©olithique, les montagnes sont exploitĂ©es pour leurs ressources minĂ©rales, cynĂ©gĂ©tiques et pastorales. À partir de 5 500 ans avant notre Ăšre, les premiĂšres communautĂ©s agropastorales atteignent les Alpes depuis le nord de l’Italie et la vallĂ©e du RhĂŽne et s’établissent dans les massifs subalpins comme dans les Alpes internes. Les Ă©tudes archĂ©obotaniques (analyse des macrorestes vĂ©gĂ©taux, principalement des graines, des fruits et des charbons de bois) permettent de comprendre l’économie vĂ©gĂ©tale de ces communautĂ©s nĂ©olithiques : quelles espĂšces, sauvages ou cultivĂ©es, Ă©taient rĂ©coltĂ©es pour le fourrage, pour construire, se nourrir, se soigner, se chauffer ? Les donnĂ©es de cinq sites nĂ©olithiques nous indiquent les diffĂ©rentes façons dont ces populations ont exploitĂ© leur territoire en tirant profit des ressources de divers biotopes, de l’étage collinĂ©en Ă  l’étage alpin, contribuant ainsi Ă  mieux comprendre la mobilitĂ© verticale au NĂ©olithique en contexte alpin.During the Neolithic, mountains were exploited for their mineral, hunting and pastoral resources. The first agro-pastoral communities reached the Alps from Northern Italy and the Rhone valley and settled in the subalpine massifs and in the internal Alps. Archeobotanical studies (plant macroremains and charcoal analysis) conducted at five sites allow us to understand the plant economy of these Neolithic communities: they determine which crops were cultivated, used as fodder, or gathered for consumption, medicine or other purpose, such as firewood. In the present paper, we support that the use of plant resources and the exploitation of territory are very different for the same period from one region to another, depending on the activities carried out at each site but also on cultural backgrounds. Archeobotanical data indicate how these people took resources from various plant associations growing from the colline to the subalpine level, and thus contribute to the understanding of vertical mobility in alpine contexts

    Approche archĂ©ologique et environnementale des premiers peuplements alpins autour du col du Petit-Saint-Bernard (Savoie, vallĂ©e d’Aoste) : un bilan d’étape

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    De 2003 Ă  2007, une Ă©tude archĂ©ologique et sĂ©dimentaire a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e sur les versants du col du Petit-Saint-Bernard (2188 m, Alpes occidentales), par de grandes sĂ©ries de sondages manuels effectuĂ©s dans des contextes sĂ©lectionnĂ©s. Les avantages et les inconvĂ©nients de cette mĂ©thode sont exposĂ©s et discutĂ©s. Ce travail a permis d’identifier, interstratifiĂ©s dans les remplissages holocĂšnes, des sols bruns fersiallitiques sur les versants et des sols hydromorphes en altitude. Les rĂ©partitions chronologique et altitudinale des dĂ©couvertes archĂ©ologiques sont analysĂ©es, puis comparĂ©es Ă  une compilation des connaissances prĂ©existantes dans les vallĂ©es alpines du Beaufortin, de la Maurienne et de la Tarentaise. Les analyses palĂ©o-environnementales et archĂ©ologiques en cours sont prĂ©sentĂ©es.An archaeological and sedimentary study was realized on the hillsides of the Petit-Saint-Bernard pass (2188 m, western Alps), from 2003 to 2007. It consisted of great series of manual boreholes in selected contexts. The efficiency of this method is discussed. This work allowed identifying brown fersiallitics soils in hillsides and hyrdromorphic soils in the heights, interstratified in the Holocene fillings. The chronological and altitudinal distributions of the findings are analysed and compared to previous data from Beaufortin, Maurienne and Tarentaise. An additional project of palaeo-environmental and archaeological analyses is presented

    Revisiting and modelling the woodland farming system of the early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture (LBK), 5600–4900 B.C

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    International audienceThis article presents the conception and the conceptual results of a modelling representation of the farming systems of the Linearbandkeramik Culture (LBK). Assuming that there were permanent fields (PF) then, we suggest four ways that support the sustainability of such a farming system over time: a generalized pollarding and coppicing of trees to increase the productivity of woodland areas for foddering more livestock, which itself can then provide more manure for the fields, a generalized use of pulses grown together with cereals during the same cropping season, thereby reducing the needs for manure. Along with assumptions limiting bias on village and family organizations, the conceptual model which we propose for human environment in the LBK aims to be sustainable for long periods and can thereby overcome doubts about the PFs hypothesis for the LBK farming system. Thanks to a reconstruction of the climate of western Europe and the consequent vegetation pattern and productivity arising from it, we propose a protocol of experiments and validation procedures for both testing the PFs hypothesis and defining its eco-geographical area
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