New techniques for localization of shorted and open interconnect failures in ICs by using laser beam technology

Open-circuit and short-circuit defects in electrical conductors within integrated circuits (ICs) can result in major IC yield and reliability problems. A capability for localizing and identifying these types of defects is important for analyzing ICs to determine failure mechanisms therein, for qualifying ICs as known-good devices, and for implementing corrective action during IC fabrication to minimize the occurrence of such defects.Master of Science (Consumer Electronics

Word Sense-based Information Retrieval (WSIR) by using Jaccard Coefficient Similarity Method

Nowadays, information retrieval (IR)system is to provide users with documents thatcontain their information need based on the userquery. Due to the ambiguous query words, thekeyword-based IR system fails to recognize therelevance of documents to the query. Word sensedisambiguation (WSD) can solve this problem toimprove the keyword-based IR performance. So,this system proposes the word sense-based IR(WSIR) system by using Jaccard coefficient basedsimilarity method. In this system, similarity basedWSD method is used to disambiguate theambiguous words in the user query. This systemalso uses the WordNet and Corpus as the lexicalresources that encoded senses of each word. In theWSIR system, the various senses that are providedby the WSD method have been used as semanticsfor indexing the documents. To show the betterperformance of the WSIR, this system comparesthe keyword-based IR and word sense-based IR.This system is implemented by using C#programming languag

Gyiophis salweenensis Quah, Grismer, Wood, Thura, Zin, Kyaw, Lwin, Grismer & Murdoch, 2017, sp. nov.

<i>Gyiophis salweenensis</i> sp. nov. <p>Salween River Basin Mud Snake Figs. 2–4.</p> <p> <b>Holotype.</b> Adult female (LSUHC 12960) collected on 8 October 2016 by Myint Kyaw Thura, Thaw Zin, Evan S.H. Quah, L. Lee Grismer, Perry L. Wood, Jr., Marta S. Grismer, Matthew L. Murdoch and Htet Kyaw from close to Sanpel Cave, Mawlamyine, Mon State, Myanmar (N16°22.427, E97°46.388; 44 m in elevation).</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> <i>Gyiophis salweenensis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> is separated from all congeners by having a unique combination of the following characters: a narrow rostral scale; the first three dorsal scale rows square; 129 (female) ventral scales; 30/29 (female) paired subcaudals; a divided cloacal plate; eight or nine supralabials; 10 infralabials; a maximum total length of 416 mm; relative tail length ratio of 0.13; a ventral patterning lacking a central spot on each ventral scale; the presence of a faint stripe on the lower, dorsal scale rows; and four rows of dark spots on the dorsum (Table 1).</p> <p> <b>Description of holotype (Figs. 3–4).</b> Head depressed, distinct from neck; snout short and rounded, rostrum tapers downwards; rostral scale pentagonal, nearly as broad as tall, visible from above; eye moderate in size, pupils rounded; nasals semi-divided with nasal groove contacting first supralabial, nare in center (on left side of snout is a small, aberrant, triangular scale positioned between rostral, nasal and first supralabial); internasal small, quadrangular, not in contact with loreal; loreal 1/1, quadrangular, contacting first three supralabials on right side and supralabials 1, 2 and 4 on left side; preocular 1/1; supraocular 1/1; postoculars 2/2; prefrontals 2, in broad contact with each other, frontal, internasal, loreals, preoculars, supraoculars, and posterior tip of nasals; frontal pentagonal, 1.4 times longer than supraocular; parietals elongate; temporal scale formula 1 + 2 + 3; supralabials 9/ 8, largest supralabial 7/6, smallest 3/8, supralabial entering orbit 5/4 (on left side of head there is fragmentation of supralabial scales with third supralabial being small and sandwiched beneath second and fourth supralabials (Fig. 4 b); infralabials 10/10, seventh elongate, first four in contact with anterior chin shield; anterior pair of chin shields largest and rounded, second pair small; 26 ASR, 25 MSR, 20 PSR; scales of first three rows of dorsal scales square; 129 ventrals; cloacal plate divided; subcaudal scales 30/29. Body short, somewhat stocky; tail short; SVL 364 mm; TaL 52mm; TL 416mm. There is a puncture wound on the right side of the dorsum at the position of ventral 63.</p> <p> <b>Colouration in life (Figs. 2–4).</b> The colour of each ventral and subcaudal scale is uniform cream with dark edging on the anterior right and left corners of each scale. These markings merge with the dark spot on the anterior half of each scale of the first dorsal scale row and some on the second row of dorsal scales to form a zig-zag stripe along the dorsoventral edge that runs the length of the body and tail. There are no central spots on the ventral scales except for ventrals 21, 54 and 55 that are extensions of the dark edgings of the corners of the scales. The chin and throat are cream and the infralabials, chin shields, and scales on the throat are edged in dark-grey. The posterior portion of dorsal scale rows one, two, three, and four form a faint cream stripe that is most prominent on the anterior portion on the body near the jaw and neck. The ground colour of the top of the head and the dorsum is greyish-brown. On dorsal scale rows 5–7 there are a series of large black spots 3–7 scales wide along the flanks and the anterior portion of the body near the neck. Some of these spots merge to form an irregularly shaped stripe. On the back are two rows of smaller black spots approximately 2–4 scales in width and usually on dorsal scale rows 11–14 and rows 15–17. Some single, darker scales are interspersed along the body on dorsal scale rows nine or 10. The tail is greyish brown with black spots. The head is speckled with small dark-grey spots with some larger spots; one on the frontal; another beneath the eye on the lower postocular and supralabials 4/5 and six. There is a broad dark-coloured streak across the anterior temporal, lower middle temporal, and the seventh and eighth supralabials; one at the corner of the jaw; and another two-scale wide streak on the crown from the posterior tip of the parietals extending posteriorly the length of five dorsal scales. The supralabials are cream and edged in dark-grey.</p> <p> <b>Distribution (Fig. 2).</b> <i>Gyiophis salweenensis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> is only known from the type locality near Sanpel Cave, Mon State, Myanmar. It is expected to be wider ranging throughout the Salween River Basin and found wherever appropriate habitat occurs.</p> <p> <b>Natural history (Fig. 5).</b> The holotype was found at approximately 1930 hours crossing a narrow dirt road between flooded fields that we presume to be its natural habitat. The weather was overcast and it rained later that night. Many other species of homalopsids are semiaquatic and commonly found in streams, rivers, ponds, and flooded rice fields (Murphy 2007a; Stuebing <i>et al</i>. 2014). <i>Gyiophis salweenensis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> is expected to share a similar life history and the valvular nostrils located dorsally on the snout indicate this species probably spends a large part of its life in the water. Homalopsid snakes such as <i>Enhydris enhydris,</i> <i>Homalopsis buccata</i> (Linnaeus, 1758) and <i>Hypsiscopus plumbea</i> have been observed crawling on land and crossing roads during wet weather (Voris & Karns 1996; Lim & D’Rozario 2009; EQSH personal obs.) and the holotype of <i>G. salweenensis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> could have been dispersing to a new area as well. The holotype also had a puncture wound on its back which might have come from an encounter with a predator such as a heron.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The specific epithet <i>salweenensis</i> is in reference to area where the holotype was found which is close to the vicinity of the Salween River near the city of Mawlamyine. The suffix <i>ensis</i> is a Latin derivation meaning “from” or “inhabiting.” It renders the specific epithet an adjective that must be in grammatical accord with the gender of <i>Gyiophis</i>.</p> <p> <b>Comparison.</b> <i>Gyiophis salweenensis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> is distinguishable from <i>G. maculosa</i> by the shape of the dorsal scales of first three rows (square vs. ovate), the ventral scale pattern (absence of a central spot on each ventral scale vs. its presence), and a stripe running through the scales of the lower dorsal scale row (faint one vs. absent). It is further distinguished from <i>G. vorisi</i> by its lower number of ventrals (129 vs. 142–152), lower number of subcaudals (30/29 vs. 41–58), shape of the rostral scale (narrow vs. broad), and the number of rows of spots on the dorsum (four vs. three) (Table 1). It differs from the other species of homalopsids found in Myanmar by unique suite of characters presented in the key below.</p>Published as part of <i>Quah, Evan S. H., Grismer, L. Lee, Wood, Perry L., Thura, Myint Kyaw, Zin, Thaw, Kyaw, Htet, Lwin, Ngwe, Grismer, Marta S. & Murdoch, Matthew L., 2017, A new species of Mud Snake (Serpentes, Homalopsidae, Gyiophis Murphy & Voris, 2014) from Myanmar with a first molecular phylogenetic assessment of the genus, pp. 571-582 in Zootaxa 4238 (4)</i> on pages 574-575, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4238.4.5, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/375507">http://zenodo.org/record/375507</a&gt

Hemiphyllodactylus linnwayensis Grismer & Wood Jr & Kyaw Thura & Zin & Quah & Murdoch & Grismer & Li & Kyaw & Lwin 2017, sp. nov.

Hemiphyllodactylus linnwayensis sp. nov. Linn-Way dwarf gecko (Figure 12) Holotype Adult female (LSUHC 12987) collected on 14 October 2016 at 1800 hours by L. Lee Grismer, Evan S. H. Quah, Perry L. Wood, Jr., Matthew L. Murdoch, Thaw Zin, Myint Kyaw Thura, Htet Kyaw, and Marta S. Grismer from Linn-Way Village, 64.7 km north of Kalaw, Taunggyi District, Shan State, Myanmar (21°13.356N, 96°32.780E; 1306 m). Paratype Adult female (LSUHC 12969) collected on 13 October 2016 by Myint Kyaw Thura from the same locality as the holotype. Diagnosis Hemiphyllodactylus linnwayensis sp. nov. can be separated from all other species of Hemiphyllodactylus by possessing the unique combination of having a maximum SVL of 41.5 mm; 4–6 chin scales; enlarged postmentals; five circumnasal scales; two scales between supranasals (=postrostrals); nine or 10 supralabials; eight infralabials; 13 or 14 longitudinally arranged dorsal scales at midbody contained within one eye diameter and eight ventral scales; varied digital formulae (Table 3); three or four subdigital lamellae on the first finger; four or five subdigital lamellae on the first toe; no plate-like subcaudal scales; adult females not yellow; dark postorbital stripe not extending onto trunk; pairs of light-coloured paravertebral spots on trunk; dorsal body pattern not unicolour; postsacral marking not bearing lightcoloured anteriorly projecting arms; and caecum and gonads unpigmented. These characters are scored across all species of Hemiphyllodactylus from clades 3 and 4 (Table 3). Description of holotype Adult female; head triangular in dorsal profile, depressed, distinct from neck; lores and interorbital regions flat; rostrum moderate in length (NarEye/HeadL 0.31); prefrontal region flat to weakly concave; canthus rostralis smoothly rounded, barely discernible; snout moderate, rounded in dorsal profile; eye large; ear opening round, small; eye to ear distance greater than diameter of eye; rostral wider than high, bordered posteriorly by supranasals; two internasals (=postnasal); external nares bordered anteriorly by rostral, dorsally by supranasal, posteriorly by two postnasals, ventrally by first supralabial (=circumnasals); 10 (R,L) rectangular supralabials tapering to below posterior margin of orbit; 8 (R,L) subrectangular infralabials tapering to below posterior margin of orbit; scales of rostrum, lores, top of head, and occiput small, granular, those of rostrum largest and slightly raised; dorsal superciliaries flat, mostly square, subimbricate, similar in size throughout; mental triangular, bordered laterally by first infralabials and posteriorly by two large postmentals; each postmental bordered laterally by a single large, sublabial; four chin scales; gular scales small, subimbricate, grading posteriorly into slightly larger, subimbricate, throat and pectoral scales which grade into slightly larger, subimbricate ventrals. Body somewhat elongate (Trunk/ SVL 0.49), dorsoventrally compressed; ventrolateral folds absent; dorsal scales small, granular, 13 dorsal scales at midbody contained within one eye diameter; ventral scales, flat, subimbricate much larger than dorsal scales, eight scales contained within one eye diameter; precloacal scales slightly larger than abdominal scales; pore-bearing precloacal scales continuous with pore-bearing femoral scales, pores small, poorly developed; forelimbs short, robust in stature, covered with flat, subimbricate scales dorsally and ventrally; palmar scales flat, subimbricate; all digits except digit I well developed; digit I vestigial, clawless; distal, subdigital lamellae of digits II– V undivided, angular and U-shaped; lamellae proximal to these transversely expanded; lamellar formula of digits II– V 4-4-4-4 (R,L); four transversely expanded lamellae on digit I; claws on digits II– V well developed, partially sheathed; distal portions of digits strongly curved, terminal joint free, arising from central portion of lamellar pad; hind limbs short, more robust than forelimbs, covered with flat, juxtaposed scales dorsally and by larger, flat subimbricate scales ventrally; plantar scales low, flat, subimbricate; all digits except digit I well developed; digit I vestigial, clawless; distal, subdigital lamellae of digits II– V undivided, angular and U-shaped; lamellae proximal to these transversely expanded; lamellar formula of digits II– V 4-5-4-4 (R,L); five transversely expanded lamellae on digit I; claws on digits II– V well developed, partially sheathed; distal portions of digits strongly curved, terminal joint free, arising from central portion of lamellar pad; dorsal caudal scales small, square, subimbricate;; tail original, subcaudals larger than dorsals, flat, imbricate; ventrolateral caudal scales forming a weak fringe; and tail oval in cross-section. Morphometric data are presented in Table 9. Coloration before preservation (Figure 12) Ground colour of top of head and vertebral and paravertebral region of trunk grey; side of head, flanks, limbs, and tail light-grey to beige; thin, dark, preorbital stripe; thicker, dark postorbital stripe extending to shoulder region; thin, dark stripe on each side of nape; area between nape and postorbital stripes light-coloured; trunk overlain with small, square to rectangularly shaped, dark, paravertebral markings highlighted posteriorly by small, diffuse, light-coloured blotches; dark, square, postsacral, marking lacking well-defined, light-coloured, anteriorly projecting arms; nine dark, irregularly shaped, caudal markings forming a weak banding pattern; ventral region of head, body, and limbs generally lighter medially and darker laterally due to increased stippling; and midventral, subcaudal region dull-orange, lateral regions dark. Variation (Figure 12) The colour pattern of the paratype closely matches that of the holotype. The overall ground colour is generally lighter and the dark, paravertebral markings on the dorsum are more paired than broken. The intensity of coloration and contrast in the pattern changes with mood and activity. Differences in scales counts are presented in Table 9. Distribution Hemiphyllodactylus linnwayensis sp. nov. is known only from the type locality of Linn- Way Village, Taunggyi District, Shan State, Myanmar (Figure 1). Natural history Linn-Way village is a small, spread-out, somewhat isolated village on the western fringes of the Shan Plateau surrounded by secondary, upland forest (Figure 13). Four Hemiphyllodactylus linnwayensis sp. nov. were seen in this region but only two were collected. The paratype (LSUHC 12969) was found beneath a small log on the grounds of a monastery at 0100 hours and the holotype (LSUHC 12987) was collected from an interior wall of a small house in the village at 2200 hours while we were being served dinner. Another specimen was observed on the same wall the following night but escaped collection. Another specimen that we presume was the same species was observed on a small wooden structure in the middle of a fallow field 3.4 km south of Linn-Way Village outside Yae Whin Cave that also escaped collection. No specimens were seen on karst microhabitats in the region that we extensively explored. Etymology This specific epithet ‘ linnwayensis ’ refers to the type locality of Linn-Way Village. Comparisons The molecular analyses indicate that Hemiphyllodactylus linnwayensis sp. nov. is embedded within clade 4 of the typus group and is the sister lineage to the sister species H. tonywhitteni sp. nov. and H. montawaensis sp. nov. Hemiphyllodactylus linnwayensis sp. nov. can be separated from all species of clades 3 and 4 except H. montawaensis sp. nov. by having fewer chin scales (4–6 as opposed to 5–12, collectively). It differs further from H. jinpingensis, H. chiangmaiensis, H. changningensis, and H. longlingensis in lacking as opposed to having dark, dorsolateral stripes on the trunk and dark, dorsal, transverse blotches. It differs from H. tonywhitteni sp. nov. in lacking well-defined, light-coloured, anteriorly projecting arms of the postsacral marking. It differs from H. montawaensis sp. nov. in that adult females are grey as opposed to yellow and having pairs of light-coloured, paravertebral spots on the trunk. See comparison section for H. tonywhitteni sp. nov. for a discussion of the PCA and DAPC results. Remarks The molecular phylogeny of Grismer et al. (2013) identified a specimen from Pyin Oo Lwin, Mandalay Region in the western Shan Hills as an undescribed new species they referred to as Hemiphyllodactylus sp. nov. 8. The molecular phylogeny herein (Figure 2) recovers this specimen as the sister lineage to H. linnwayensis sp. nov. from Linn-Way Village in Shan State, 90 km to the south. The uncorrected pair-wise sequence divergence (p-distance) between these two species is 4.6%, less than the 5% Grismer et al. (2013) used to flag potential unconfirmed candidate species they were unable to examine. In sharp contrast, we note that the p-distance between the sister species H. montawaensis sp. nov. and H. tonywhitteni sp. nov. is 6.4% and they are separated by only 25 km (Figures 1 and 14). Additionally, we propose that latter are karst-adapted species that cannot range continuously throughout forested habitats whereas H. linnwayensis sp. nov. is a forest-adapted species and may even be in a human commensal relationship, given that they can be found on man-made structures and within homes. The collection data of the Pyin Oo Lwin specimen are similar to H. linnwayensis sp. nov. in that it was found in a secondary growth forest in a botanical garden on a wooden viewing platform (2017 email from GR Zug to LLG). Based on the above, we hypothesize the potential for gene exchange between these two populations is likely, and thus conservatively consider Hemiphyllodactylus sp. nov. 8. as H. cf. linnwayensis sp. nov. until specimens become available for examination.Published as part of Grismer, L. Lee, Wood Jr, Perry L., Kyaw Thura, Myint, Zin, Thaw, Quah, Evan S. H., Murdoch, Matthew L., Grismer, Marta S., Li, Aung, Kyaw, Htet & Lwin, Ngwe, 2017, Phylogenetic taxonomy of Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker, 1860 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) with descriptions of three new species from Myanmar, pp. 881-915 in Journal of Natural History 52 (13 - 16) on pages 906-911, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1367045, http://zenodo.org/record/478004