Synthesis of Some New 2,4,6-Triarylsubstituted Pyridines via Pyridinium Ylides

Some new 2,4,6-triarylsubstituted pyridines, which are expected to possess marked biological activities we~e synthesized via 4- -methylphenacylpyridinium ylide and 4-chlorophenacylpyridinium ylide. Ammonium acetate in acetic acid was used as the cyclization agent. The structures of the products were confirmed either by NMR or by IR spectrum analysis

A Socio-Clinical Profile Of Cases Of Laparoscopic Sterilization Performed At Institution And Camps

Research Question: What is the socio-clinical profile of cases of laparoscopic sterilization performed at the insti­tution and camps. Objectives: To study the (1) socio-clinical aspect of laparoscopic ligations. (2) complications and the failure rate. Study Design: Longitudinal study. Setting: Females coming for sterilization at the O-.P.D. and post-partum centre. Participants: 9088 females of reproductive age group. Study Variables: Age group, social class, residence, education, number of living children. Outcome Variables: Proportion of women who came for sterilization, ligations performed at hospital. Results: Demographic characteristics showed that 5658 (62.2%) and 3430 (37.8%) were from rural and urban areas respectively. Socio-economically , 80% cases be­longed to low socio-enonomic class. As regards the literacy status, 5500 (60.5%) of the patients were illiterate and 2600 (28.6%) of them had received only primary education. The age group which commonly accepted sterilization in 5056 cases (55.6%) was 31-35 years. The parity in our study showing highest incidence of laparoligation. i.e. 36.17% was 5. Our complication rate was 0.5% and failure rate 0.6%. Conclusions: Our experience of about 15 years shows that laparoscopic sterilization is a simple, safe, easy method and acceptable to the rural and even illiterate masses in this region. In the event of pregnancy, this permanent method is more acceptabl

Roles of Government and Community Support, Flood Experience, and Flood Education in Livelihood Resilience

Flooding is a perennial problem in the state of Bihar, India with devastating impact on the livelihood of people. In spite of the government\u27s measures of flood mitigation, households continue to live with suffering on account of severe damage to their material and non-material assets. In this background, the objectives of the study are: (1) to explore the differential role of the community and government support in livelihood resilience; (2) to assess the impact of flood experience and flood education in livelihood resilience; and (3) to explore the impact of level of education, reflected in average years of schooling of the male-headed households in livelihood resilience. The primary data were collected from 472 households by using a multi-stage random sampling technique over seven blocks in river basins of Ganga and Kosi in the district of Bhagalpur, Bihar. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling were used. The findings of the study show that prompt and spontaneous community action was more effective than government help. Flood experience also plays a crucial role in the revamping of livelihood. Flood education is not found to exist in the area; people learn the skills of survival during and after floods from their elders. Moreover, difference in education among the male-headed households creates difference in the attitudes and awareness surrounding livelihood resilience

Effect of Cross-Section-Change Induced Advective Flow on the Primary Dendrite Array Morphology of Hypoeutectic Pb-Sb Alloys During Directional Solidification

The morphology and distribution of primary dendrites have been examined in Pb-2.2, 5.8 and 10.8 wt. pct. Sb alloy samples directionally solidified (DSed) in ampoules shaped like an hour-glass to examine the influence of cross-section change induced advective flow on the cellular/dendritic interface. This sample design increases the advective flow of the melt towards the array tips, as the liquid-solid interface enters the neck of the ampoule, and then decreases it as the interface exits the neck. The warm solute-rich melt flowing towards the growth front suppresses the extent of side-branching, decreases the primary dendrite spacing, and increases the primary dendrite trunk diameter as observed in the Pb-5.8 and 10.8 Sb alloys. The flow appears to suppress the formation of cells. A cellular interface growing in the Pb-2.2Sb alloy became planar as the solidification front entered the neck, becoming cellular again as it exited the neck

The Plasmodium berghei Ca(2+)/H(+) exchanger, PbCAX, is essential for tolerance to environmental Ca(2+) during sexual development.

Ca(2+) contributes to a myriad of important cellular processes in all organisms, including the apicomplexans, Plasmodium and Toxoplasma. Due to its varied and essential roles, free Ca(2+) is tightly regulated by complex mechanisms. These mechanisms are therefore of interest as putative drug targets. One pathway in Ca(2+) homeostatic control in apicomplexans uses a Ca(2+)/H(+) exchanger (a member of the cation exchanger family, CAX). The P. falciparum CAX (PfCAX) has recently been characterised in asexual blood stage parasites. To determine the physiological importance of apicomplexan CAXs, tagging and knock-out strategies were undertaken in the genetically tractable T. gondii and P. berghei parasites. In addition, a yeast heterologous expression system was used to study the function of apicomplexan CAXs. Tagging of T. gondii and P. berghei CAXs (TgCAX and PbCAX) under control of their endogenous promoters could not demonstrate measureable expression of either CAX in tachyzoites and asexual blood stages, respectively. These results were consistent with the ability of parasites to tolerate knock-outs of the genes for TgCAX and PbCAX at these developmental stages. In contrast, PbCAX expression was detectable during sexual stages of development in female gametocytes/gametes, zygotes and ookinetes, where it was dispersed in membranous networks within the cytosol (with minimal mitochondrial localisation). Furthermore, genetically disrupted parasites failed to develop further from "round" form zygotes, suggesting that PbCAX is essential for ookinete development and differentiation. This impeded phenotype could be rescued by removal of extracellular Ca(2+). Therefore, PbCAX provides a mechanism for free living parasites to multiply within the ionic microenvironment of the mosquito midgut. Ca(2+) homeostasis mediated by PbCAX is critical and suggests plasmodial CAXs may be targeted in approaches designed to block parasite transmission

Translational vibration evaluation of tractor seats for ride comfort

An investigation was carried out on tractor seat design for better operator comfort during operation. The project objectives were mainly aimed to increase the ride comfort by improving the seat suspension which is used in Indian tractors. Tests were conducted for haulage operation and also for field operation. During haulage operation tests were carried out onexisting seats used in Indian tractors with three new selected suspension systems of the two most selling models of MF 241 and MF 1035. The model MF 241 equipped with a existing seat is mostly used in India, while the model MF 1035 consists of exported benchmark seat (for comparison) which is a seat whose suspension appeared to majority of operators is used for more comfortable and rest three selected seat suspensions were replaced to same existing seat used in India. Tests were conducted with three different operators representing 5th, 50th and 95th percentile (SM1, SM2 and SM3) of the population of India. Best suspension system was selected, based on weighted RMS acceleration awx, awy, awz for each axis and the acceleration vector sum av performance. The values of weighted RMS acceleration awx, awy, awz, and acceleration vector sum av of different suspension systems were compared with exported benchmark seat as well as existing seat mostly used in India. The changes in the vibration peak along with speed were compared graphically. It was observed that the SP2 suspension gives better result amongthree selected suspensions. The results were comparable with exported benchmark seat in higher speed range which was available in developed countries.Keywords: seat suspension, weighted R.M.S acceleration, spring constan