Hvordan opplever kvinner det psykososiale arbeidsmiljøet i Forsvaret sammenlignet med menn?

Hensikten med denne studien var å undersøke kjønnsforskjeller i opplevd psykososialt arbeidsmiljø i Forsvaret med ekstrarolleadferd, jobbengasjement og indre motivasjon som positive utfallsvariabler. Studien har også undersøkt hvilke variabler som predikerer ekstrarolleadferd, jobbengasjement og indre motivasjon for ansatte i Forsvaret, samt undersøkt om det er ulike prediktorer for kvinner og menn. Følgende problemstillinger ble undersøkt: Problemstilling 1: Hvordan opplever kvinner det psykososiale arbeidsmiljøet i Forsvaret sammenliknet med menn? Delproblemstilling 2a: Hvilke variabler predikerer ekstrarolleadferd, jobbengasjement og indre motivasjon for ansatte i Forsvaret? Delproblemstilling 2b: Er det ulike variabler som predikerer ekstrarolleadferd, jobbengasjement og indre motivasjon for kvinner og menn? Deltakere i denne studien er sivilt og militært ansatte i Forsvaret (N = 9092, 18.9 % kvinner/81.1 % menn). Data for studien ble innsamlet i Forsvarets medarbeiderundersøkelse i 2018 som ble distribuert til alle ansatte. Studien er en del av forskningsprogrammet militær ledelse ved Forsvarets høgskole. Det ble funnet flere signifikante forskjeller mellom kvinner og menn og de fleste til fordel for kvinner (Hedges g = -0.09 til 0.20). Snittskår (M) for kvinner var generelt høyere enn for menn på utfallsvariablene; ekstrarolleadferd (Kvinne M = 5.58, Mann M = 5.59), jobbengasjement (Kvinne M = 4.27, Mann M = 4.15) og indre motivasjon (Kvinne M = 3.53, Mann M = 3.51). Konstruktiv ledelse og jobbressurser predikerte opplevd psykososialt arbeidsmiljø i større grad enn jobbkrav. De eneste signifikante forskjellene i prediktorer var alder og ansatt-type for kvinner, i betydningen at engasjement og motivasjon øker med alder og er større om man er sivilt ansatt. Oppdragsorientert lederadferd var en signifikant prediktor for menn. I sum gir dette indikasjoner på at kjønn kan ha en betydning for opplevd psykososialt arbeidsmiljø. Selv om det finnes signifikante kjønnsforskjeller, er disse svært små. Analysene viser at de ansatte påvirkes av de samme variablene tilnærmet like sterkt og i samme retning. Studien kan konkludere med at kvinner opplever det psykososiale arbeidsmiljøet i Forsvaret som litt bedre enn menn når man legger til grunn positive utfallsvariabler som ekstrarolleadferd, jobbengasjement og indre motivasjon. Videre kan det konkluderes med at selv om det finnes signifikante kjønnsforskjeller er effektene små og den praktiske betydningen er usikker

Paid Sick Leave as a Means to Reduce Sickness Presenteeism Among Physicians

Recurrent international data show that physicians often attend work while ill, termed sickness presenteeism. The current study investigated if sickness presenteeism scores among European physicians varied according to national paid sick leave legislation. We hypothesized that prevalence of presenteeism was higher in countries with lower levels of paid sick leave. We used repeated cross-sectional survey data, phase I (2004/2005, N = 1326) and phase II (2012/2013, N = 1403), among senior consultants at university hospitals in Sweden, Norway, and Italy. Analyses of variances assessed cross-country differences in presenteeism. To assess the impact of country on presenteeism, we used multiple regression analyses controlled for sex, age, family status, work hours, and work content. The results from phase I supported the initial hypothesis. At phase II, presenteeism scores had decreased among the Italian and Swedish sample. The results are discussed with regard to changes in legislation on workhours and medical liability in Italy and Sweden between phase I and II

Perceived social support among adolescents in Residential Youth Care

Social support may be of particular importance for vulnerable adolescents' develop-ment and health and can help them to cope with stressful life events. However,knowledge of perceived social support among adolescents in Residential Youth Care(RYC) is sparse. The present study therefore aimed to investigate perceived socialsupport among adolescents in Norwegian RYC (N= 304, mean age 16.3 years, girls57.2%), using a short form of the Social Support Questionnaire. The results werecompared with adolescents in the general population. The findings revealed thatadolescents in RYC reported a lower number of support persons compared withthe general population. Both populations reported a decreasing number of supportpersons as they aged, except for girls in RYC. The adolescents in both populationswere satisfied with the support perceived, especially those with the highest numberof support persons. However, social support providers differed between the two pop-ulations; RYC adolescents reported their extended family, other sources of support,and the institutional staff more often and their parents less. The findings are impor-tant for adolescents living in RYC, as knowledge of their social support network couldinfluence the current practices and ensure contact with important support persons,affecting their development and health

Normative Data for the 12 Item WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0

Background: The World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0) measures disability due to health conditions including diseases, illnesses, injuries, mental or emotional problems, and problems with alcohol or drugs. Method: The 12 Item WHODAS 2.0 was used in the second Australian Survey of Mental Health and Well-being. We report the overall factor structure and the distribution of scores and normative data (means and SDs) for people with any physical disorder, any mental disorder and for people with neither. Findings: A single second order factor justifies the use of the scale as a measure of global disability. People with mental disorders had high scores (mean 6.3, SD 7.1), people with physical disorders had lower scores (mean 4.3, SD 6.1). People with no disorder covered by the survey had low scores (mean 1.4, SD 3.6). Interpretation: The provision of normative data from a population sample of adults will facilitate use of the WHODAS 2.0 12 item scale in clinical and epidemiological research

Religious Tastes and Styles as Markers of Class Belonging: A Bourdieuian Perspective on Pentecostalism in South America

Studies on the relationship between social class and religion tend to highlight the demographic dimension of class, but neglect its symbolic dimension. By addressing the symbolic dimensions through a Bourdieuian approach, this article contends that religious tastes and styles can be employed as class markers within the sphere of religion. A case study on Argentinean Pentecostalism and in-depth analysis of a lower and middle class church illustrate how symbolic class differences are cultivated in the form of distinctive religious styles. While the lower class church displays a style marked by emotional expressiveness and the search for life improvement through spiritual practices, the middle class church performs a sober and calm style of Pentecostalism. The study highlights the role of styles in the reproduction of class boundaries, while shedding a critical light on the importance of tastes

Forms of participation – the development and application of a conceptual model of participation in work environment interventions

In the realm of work environment improvements, the Nordic countries have led the way in demonstrating that employee participation is a key requisite for achieving improvements. Despite this there is a lack of precision on what ‘participatory’ in a participatory work environment intervention means. In this study, we present a conceptual model for participation in work environment interventions and apply it to protocols and manuals from 8 participatory interventions to determine the form of participation used in each intervention. We suggest that the conceptual model can be applied in the design and assessment of participatory work environment interventions

Effects of Anacetrapib in Patients with Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease

BACKGROUND: Patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease remain at high risk for cardiovascular events despite effective statin-based treatment of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. The inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) by anacetrapib reduces LDL cholesterol levels and increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. However, trials of other CETP inhibitors have shown neutral or adverse effects on cardiovascular outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 30,449 adults with atherosclerotic vascular disease who were receiving intensive atorvastatin therapy and who had a mean LDL cholesterol level of 61 mg per deciliter (1.58 mmol per liter), a mean non-HDL cholesterol level of 92 mg per deciliter (2.38 mmol per liter), and a mean HDL cholesterol level of 40 mg per deciliter (1.03 mmol per liter). The patients were assigned to receive either 100 mg of anacetrapib once daily (15,225 patients) or matching placebo (15,224 patients). The primary outcome was the first major coronary event, a composite of coronary death, myocardial infarction, or coronary revascularization. RESULTS: During the median follow-up period of 4.1 years, the primary outcome occurred in significantly fewer patients in the anacetrapib group than in the placebo group (1640 of 15,225 patients [10.8%] vs. 1803 of 15,224 patients [11.8%]; rate ratio, 0.91; 95% confidence interval, 0.85 to 0.97; P=0.004). The relative difference in risk was similar across multiple prespecified subgroups. At the trial midpoint, the mean level of HDL cholesterol was higher by 43 mg per deciliter (1.12 mmol per liter) in the anacetrapib group than in the placebo group (a relative difference of 104%), and the mean level of non-HDL cholesterol was lower by 17 mg per deciliter (0.44 mmol per liter), a relative difference of -18%. There were no significant between-group differences in the risk of death, cancer, or other serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease who were receiving intensive statin therapy, the use of anacetrapib resulted in a lower incidence of major coronary events than the use of placebo. (Funded by Merck and others; Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN48678192 ; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01252953 ; and EudraCT number, 2010-023467-18 .)

The influence of jazz on the classical clarinet repertoire

The musical events of the 20th Century created opportunities for composers and players alike to realize the clarinet's true versatility. Benny Goodman and Artie Shaw became superstars during the Swing Era in the 1930s and 1940s, and brought the clarinet to the forefront of popular music. Though they were jazz musicians, Goodman and Shaw demonstrated classical techniques in their playing, and both even recorded classical music later in their careers. Goodman commissioned composers to write new pieces for him, the most notable being Aaron Copland's Concerto for Clarinet and String Orchestra with Harp and Piano. This project report examines the influence Goodman and Shaw had on the classical clarinet repertoire. It also discusses how composers Aaron Copland, Leonard Bernstein, and William 0. Smith drew from these influences and jazz in general to write pieces which are now part of the standard classical clarinet literature

Effekter av Tekstilfibre på den Marine Mikroalgen Isochrysis galbana (T-ISO)

Tekstilmikrofibre (MF) er i økende grad en bekymring i marine økosystemer, ettersom store mengder av MF ender i havet hvert år via avfall og avløpsvann. Til tross for høy persistens og biotilgjengeligheten av MF i marine organismer, har få studier undersøkt deres negative virkninger på mikroalger, eller diskutert potensielle bunn-opp-konsekvenser i marine økosystemer. På bakgrunn av dette, var målet med denne studien å undersøke effektene av tre vanlige MF (polyester, polyamid og ull) på vekst, fotosyntetisk aktivitet og biokjemisk sammensetning i den marine mikroalgen Isochrysis galbana (klone T-ISO). Lengder på 60 og 3000 μm i konsentrasjoner på 0,0422-4,22 μg/mL og MF-sigevann (4,22 μg/mL) ble anvendt. Reduserte populasjonsstørrelser ble funnet fra eksponering til 60 og 3000 μm MF, med en tendens til polymer- og størrelsesrelaterte effekter. Høye nivåer av MF induserte signifikante effekter på vekst, og PES-sigevann økte sluttbiomassen signifikant. Eksponering til sigevann fra MF påvirket ikke fotosyntetisk effektivitet, men forflyttet det relative karbohydratinnholdet fra glukose-lignende til cellulose-lignende forbindelser. Disse resultatene indikerer at det er noen metabolske effekter på I. galbana eksponert for miljørelaterte nivåer av MF, og utelukker dermed ikke muligheten for effekter videre opp i næringsnettet, i kystvann nær avløpsavløp og i tungt MF-forurensede områder