Yhteisömerkin tuoma lisäarvo yritykselle ja sen vaikutus yrityksen brändipääomaan

Tämän Pro gradu tutkielman tavoitteena on selvittää, mitä lisäarvoa yhteisömerkistä on merkkiä käyttävälle yritykselle ja miten yhteisömerkin käyttö yrityksen tuotteissa vaikuttaa yrityksen brändipääomaan. Yhteisömerkkiä tässä tutkielmassa edustaa Hyvää Suomesta -merkki, joka on pakattuna myytävien elintarvikkeiden alkuperämerkki. Merkkiä käyttää noin 280 yritystä ja se löytyy noin 8000 tuotteesta. Hyvää Suomesta -merkki on yksi Suomen arvostetuimmista brändeistä. Tutkimuksen teoreettinen viitekehys rakentuu brändipääoman käsitteen ja yhteisbrändäyksen sekä sen yhteydessä vaikuttavan läikkymisefektin ympärille. Lähestymistapa tässä tutkielmassa on laadullinen. Tutkimusmenetelmänä on käytetty teema-haastattelua, jolloin tarkoituksena on saada syvempi ymmärrys haastateltavien käsityksistä tut-kittavaan aiheeseen. Tutkielmaa varten haastateltiin kymmentä Hyvää Suomesta -merkkiä käyt-tävien eri kokoisten yritysten edustajaa. Tutkimustulosten perusteella voidaan todeta, että Hyvää Suomesta -merkin vaikutukset brändi-pääoman eri osa-alueisiin vaihtelivat neutraalista positiiviseen. Negatiivisia vaikutuksia ei tulos-ten perusteella ilmennyt. Suurin vaikutus merkillä on brändin koettuun laatuun: Hyvää Suomesta -merkin nauttima luottamus siirtyy läikkymisefektin avulla merkkiä käyttävään brändiin. Tulosten perusteella Hyvää Suomesta -merkin tuoma lisäarvo yritykselle ilmenee siten, että merkki vahvistaa yritysten omaa kotimaisuusviestiä sekä toimii ulkopuolisen tahon myöntämänä laatuleimana tuotteelle. Lisäksi Hyvää Suomesta -merkki lisää suomalaisten elintarvikelana yritysten yhteenkuuluvaisuuden tunnetta ja sitä käytetään myös ideologisista syistä

Biostratigraphy versus isotope geochronology: Testing the Urals island arc model

Formation of the Urals volcanic-hosted massive sulphide (VHMS) deposits is considered to be related with the intra-oceanic stage of island arc(s) development in the Upper Ordovician–Middle Devonian based on the biostratigraphic record of ore-hosting sedimentary rocks. However, the direct Re-Os dating of four known VHMS systems in the Urals gives significantly younger Re-Os isochron ages ranging from 355 ± 15 Ma up to 366 ± 2 Ma. To address this discrepancy, we performed SHRIMP U-Pb dating on zircons extracted from rhyodacites (Eifelian biostratigraphic age of 393–388 Ma) from the footwall of the Alexandrinka VHMS deposit which has a Re-Os isochron age of sulphides of 355 ± 15 Ma. New 206Pb/238U mean age of 374 ± 3 Ma (MSWD = 1.4 and probability = 0.11) is considered to be the crystallisation age of the host volcanic rock. This age is ca. 15 Ma younger than the Eifelian (393–388 Ma) biostratigraphic age and overlaps the Frasnian–Famennian boundary (372 ± 2 Ma), characterised by the final stages of Magnitogorsk Arc – East European continent collision. Such an inconsistency with geochronological age may be due to a reburial of conodonts during resedimentation as a result of erosion of older rocks in younger sedimentary sequences

Severe Preeclampsia Complicated by Placental Abruption Leads to Fetal Distress

Placental abruption is a common complication of preeclampsia. It is an obstetric emergency that occurs when the placenta partially or completely separates from the uterine wall. The diagnosis is usually made clinically or objectively. It is relatively rare but put a serious risk for both the fetus and the mother. We reported a case of a 32-year-old multigravid patient at 35-36 weeks gestation who presented with moderate vaginal bleeding and lower abdominal pain. Her obstetric history included one premature vaginal delivery. Her blood pressure started to rise in the second trimester of pregnancy. The examination revealed that her blood pressure was 190/120 mmHg, and she had pitting edema on her extremities and tender uterine fundus. The fetal heart rate was bradycardia at 100 beats per minute. Placental abruption and fetal distress were suspected. An emergency cesarean section was performed. Intraoperatively, the uterus showed intramural bleeding and was livid, with the beginning of Couvelaire-uterus. The uterus was left in situ. In conclusion, placental abruption interrupts the vital function of the placentae which leads to fetal hypoxia and even fetal death. It is an obstetric emergency that requires immediate intervention to save the fetus and reduce the risk of complications in the mother

Tube fossils from gossanites of the Urals VHMS deposits, Russia: Authigenic mineral assemblages and trace element distributions

© 2016The occurrence, types, morphology, and mineralogical characteristics of tube microfossils were studied in gossanites from twelve VHMS deposits of the Urals. Several types of tube microfossils were recognized, including siboglinids, polychaetes and calcerous serpulids, replaced by a variety of minerals (e.g. hematite–quartz, hematite–chlorite, carbonate–hematite) depending on the nature of the substrate prior to the formation of the gossanites. Colonial hematite tube microfossils (~ 150 μm across,1–2 mm long) are composed of hematitic outer and inner walls, and may exhibit a cellular structure within their cavities. Spherical forms are saturated with Fe-oxidizing bacteria inside the tubes – probably analogues of trophosomes. Colloform stromatolitic outer wall surfaces are characterized by the presence of numerous interlaced filaments of hematite (2–3 μm diameter, up to 1–2 mm long). Between tube microfossils, the hematitized cement contains bundles of hematitized filaments with structures similar to the hyphae of fungi. Hematite–chlorite tube microfossils are scattered in gossanites, mostly as biological debris. They are typically 30 to 300 μm in diameter and 1 to 5 mm long. The layered structure of their tube walls is characterized by hematite–quartz and chlorite layers. Abundant filamentous bacteria coated by glycocalix and chlorite stromatolite are associated with hematite–chlorite tubes. The carbonate–hematite tube microfossils (up to 300 μm across, 2–3 mm long) occur in carbonate-rich gossanites. The tubes are characterized by fine (~ 10 μm thick) walls of hematite and cavities dominated by relatively dark carbonate or hematite. Carbonates may be present both in walls and cavities. Stromatolite-like leucoxene or hematite–carbonate aggregates were also found in association with tubes. Randomly oriented filaments are composed of ankerite. Single filaments are composed of individual cells, typically smaller than 100 nm across, similar to that of magnetotactic bacteria. Three dimensional tomographic images of all types of tube microfossils demonstrate a clear wavy microlayering from outer and inner walls, which may reflect segmentation of the tube worms. The traces of burrowing or fragments of glycocalix with relict spheres are typical of tube microfossils from gossanites. The carbon isotopic composition of carbonates associated with tube microfossils from hematite–quartz, hematite–carbonate, and hematite–chlorite gossanites average − 7.2, − 6.8, –22.8‰, PDB, respectively. These values are indicative of a biogenic origin for the carbonates. The oxygen isotopic composition of these carbonates is similar in all three gossanite types averaging + 13.5, + 14.2, + 13.0‰ (relative to SMOW), and indicative of active sulfate reduction during the diagenetic (and anadiagenetic) stages of the sediments evolution. The trace element characteristics of hematite from tube microfossils are characterized by high contents of following trace elements (average, ppm): Mn (1529), As (714), V (540), W (537), Mo (35), and U (5). Such high contents are most likely the result of metal and metalloid sorption by fine particles of precursor iron hydroxides during the oxidation of sulfides and decomposition of hyaloclasts via microbially-mediated reactions

Zinc on the edge—isotopic and geophysical evidence that cratonic edges control world-class shale-hosted zinc-lead deposits

The North Australian Zinc Belt is the largest zinc-lead province in the world, containing three of the ten largest known individual deposits (HYC, Hilton-George Fisher, and Mount Isa). The Northern Cordillera in North America is the second largest zinc-lead province, containing a further two of the world’s top ten deposits (Red Dog and Howards Pass). Despite this world-class endowment, exploration in both mineral provinces during the past 2 decades has not been particularly successful, yielding only two significant discoveries (Teena, Australia, and Boundary, Canada). One of the most important aspects of exploration is to choose mineral provinces and districts within geological belts that have the greatest potential for discovery. Here, we present results from these two zinc belts that highlight previously unused datasets for area selection and targeting. Lead isotope mapping using analyses of mineralized material has identified gradients in μ (238U/204Pb) that coincide closely with many major deposits. Locations of these deposits also coincide with a gradient in the depth of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary determined from calibrated surface wave tomography models converted to temperature. Furthermore, gradients in upward-continued gravity anomalies and a step in Moho depth correspond to a pre-existing major crustal boundary in both zinc belts. A spatial association of deposits with a linear mid- to lower-crustal resistivity anomaly from magnetotelluric data is also observed in the North Australian Zinc Belt. The change from thicker to thinner lithosphere is interpreted to localize prospective basins for zinc-lead mineralization and to control the gradient in lead isotope and geophysical data. These data, when combined with data indicative of paleoenvironment and changes in plate motion at the time of mineralization, provide new exploration criteria that can be used to identify prospective mineralized basins and define the most favorable parts of these basins

Silurian to Carboniferous Re-Os molybdenite ages of the Kalinovskoe, Mikheevskoe and Talitsa Cu-Mo porphyry deposits in the Urals: implications for geodynamic setting

The Urals can be regarded as a significant Cu-Mo-porphyry province, hosting over 30 porphyry deposits. Although their geological structure and ore-forming processes have been studied in great detail, uncertainty remains about their age and related geotectonic setting. In this contribution we report for the first time the Re-Os dating of molybdenites from three Cu-Mo porphyry deposits, namely Kalinovskoe, Mikheevskoe and Talitsa. Three molybdenite samples from the Kalinovskoe deposit yield Silurian Re-Os ages ranging from 427.1 Ma to 431.7 Ma (mean 429.8 ± 4.8 Ma; 2σ standard deviation), and a Re–Os isochron age of 430.7 ± 1.3 Ma (MSWD = 0.63), which coincides with previous U-Pb zircon dating of ore-hosting diorites from the same ore field (427 ± 6 Ma). The molybdenite from the Mikheevskoe deposit gives Re-Os ages of 357.8 ± 1.8 Ma and 356.1 ± 1.4 Ma (mean 357.0 ± 2.4 Ma; Carboniferous/Tournaisian), which corresponds to previous U-Pb dating of zircons from the diorite hosting porphyry deposit (356 ± 6 Ma). The molybdenite from Talitsa Mo-porphyry deposit yields the youngest Re-Os ages of 298.3 ± 1.3 and 299.9 ± 2.9 Ma (mean 299.1 ± 2.3 Ma) at Carboniferous-Permian boundary. Thus, the studied Cu and Mo porphyry deposits are not synchronous and belong to distinct tectonic events of the Urals