Organizational, regulatory and legal aspects оf european integration of higher medical education in Ukraine: a critical review

The aim: The main purpose of this research is to conduct the theoretical and applied study of the legal profile enforcement for state attestation of medical graduates, the relevant legislative system, and its effectiveness; to identify the issues of special legislative requirements, as well as the search for ways to resolve it. Materials and methods: Basic methods: analysis, synthesis and comparison. Object of research: system of state certification of graduates of medical sciences. Investigation of this topic in the paper is carried out in the following logical sequence: firstly, the basic principles of the state integrated qualification exam were determined and analyzed; then the legal enforcement for integrated state qualification exam of master’s degree in discipline “22 Health Care” was considered. Also, a critical review of Ukrainian normative base for holding the state attestation of medical graduates was conducted. Conclusions: In view of foregoing, we can make a conclusion that in the modern globalization world, competition of national educational services should be ensured by a range of different activities: legal, organizational, financial, etc. The legal direction, domestic rules should correspond to similar, uniform rules and practices of the most effective state (regional, international) systems

ПРАВОВІ ТА ЕТИЧНІ ЗАСАДИ ГРОМАДСЬКОГО ЗДОРОВ’Я

Purpose: to analyze legal and ethical frameworks of public health. Materials and Methods. The research methods were chosen taking into account the aim of the study. In order to establish objectivity and validity of scientific provisions, conclusions, during the research, a set of general scientific and special scientific methods was used, in particular such as: formal legal method was used to analyze the legal and ethical frameworks of public health; using the comparative legal method to find out the approaches of national legislation and international standards to the ethical component of public health, in particular the ethical component in the legal regulation of the activities of doctors, pharmaceutical specialists, patient protection, medical research and clinical trials; the method of forecasting and modeling was used to develop practical recommendations on the importance of analyzing the legal and ethical frameworks of public health in the process of reforming Ukraine’s health care system and implementing the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union; the method of systematic analysis allowed to study the legal and ethical frameworks of public health as a component of the health care system of Ukraine; the historical and legal method has revealed the peculiarities of the evolution of legal and ethical frameworks of public health. Results. Efficiency of legal regulation of public health depends on compliance with these law principles of morality and ethics. It is the legal and ethical obligation of the doctor to have absolute respect for human life and to preserve and restore the physical and mental health of people. Ethical and legal norms in the field of public health are also reflected in the guidelines on the protection of patients’ rights. Conclusions. Therefore, the provisions of national law and international standards in the field of public health combine legal and ethical frameworks in regulating the activities of physicians, pharmaceutical professionals, patient protection, medical research and clinical trials. The effectiveness and the highest level of public health care required is inextricably linked to the reform of Ukraine’s health care system in accordance with international standards that combine ethics.Мета: проаналізувати правові та етичні засади громадського здоров’я. Матеріали і методи. Методи дослідження обрані з урахуванням поставленої мети дослідження. Для встановлення об’єктивності та обґрунтованості наукових положень, висновків, під час проведеного дослідження застосовували комплекс загальнонаукових та спеціальних наукових методів, зокрема таких, як: формально-юридичний метод використовували для проведення аналізу правових та етичних засад громадського здоров’я; за допомогою порівняльно-правового методу з’ясовано підходи національного законодавства та міжнародних стандартів до етичного компонента громадського здоров’я, зокрема етична складова у правовому регулюванні діяльності лікарів, фармацевтичних фахівців, захисті пацієнтів, проведенні медичних досліджень та клінічних випробувань; метод прогнозування і моделювання використовували для розроблення практичних рекомендацій щодо значення аналізу правових та етичних засад громадського здоров’я у процесі реформування системи охорони здоров’я України та імплементації Угоди про асоціацію між Україною та Європейським Союзом; метод системного аналізу дозволив дослідити правові та етичні засади громадського здоров’я як компонент системи охорони здоров’я України; історико-правовий метод дозволив виявити особливості еволюції правових та етичних засад громадського здоров’я. Результати. Ефективність правового регулювання громадського здоров’я безпосередньо залежить від відповідності даних норм права засадам моралі та етики. Правовим та етичним зобов’язанням лікаря є абсолютна повага до життя людини, зберігання і відновлення фізичного і психічного здоров’я людей. Етичні та правові норми у сфері громадського здоров’я відображені і в рекомендаційних документах, присвячених захисту прав пацієнтів. Висновки. Положення національного законодавства та міжнародних стандартів у сфері громадського здоров’я поєднують правові та етичні засади при регулюванні діяльності лікарів, фармацевтичних фахівців, захисті пацієнтів, проведенні медичних досліджень та клінічних випробувань. Ефективність та найвищий рівень необхідного забезпечення громадського здоров’я нерозривно пов’язані у реформуванні системи охорони здоров’я України відповідно до міжнародних стандартів, які поєднують етичну складову

Residents' views about family medicine specialty education in Turkey

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Residents are one of the key stakeholders of specialty training. The Turkish Board of Family Medicine wanted to pursue a realistic and structured approach in the design of the specialty training programme. This approach required the development of a needs-based core curriculum built on evidence obtained from residents about their needs for specialty training and their needs in the current infrastructure. The aim of this study was to obtain evidence on residents' opinions and views about Family Medicine specialty training.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study. The board prepared a questionnaire to investigate residents' views about some aspects of the education programme such as duration and content, to assess the residents' learning needs as well as their need for a training infrastructure. The questionnaire was distributed to the Family Medicine Departments (n = 27) and to the coordinators of Family Medicine residency programmes in state hospitals (n = 11) by e-mail and by personal contact.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A total of 191 questionnaires were returned. The female/male ratio was 58.6%/41.4%. Nine state hospitals and 10 university departments participated in the study. The response rate was 29%. Forty-five percent of the participants proposed over three years for the residency duration with either extensions of the standard rotation periods in pediatrics and internal medicine or reductions in general surgery. Residents expressed the need for extra rotations (dermatology 61.8%; otolaryngology 58.6%; radiology 52.4%). Fifty-nine percent of the residents deemed a rotation in a private primary care centre necessary, 62.8% in a state primary care centre with a proposed median duration of three months. Forty-seven percent of the participants advocated subspecialties for Family Medicine, especially geriatrics. The residents were open to new educational methods such as debates, training with models, workshops and e-learning. Participation in courses and congresses was considered necessary. The presence of a department office and the clinical competency of the educators were more favored by state residents.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This study gave the Board the chance to determine the needs of the residents that had not been taken into consideration sufficiently before. The length and the content of the programme will be revised according to the needs of the residents.</p

Avaliação de basidiomicetos do gênero Ganoderma quanto ao potencial de síntese de enzimas lignocelulolíticas.

Seção: Derivados Energéticos de Alto Valor Agregado

Classification of regional ionospheric disturbance based on machine learning techniques

In this study, Total Electron Content (TEC) estimated from GPS receivers is used to model the regional and local variability that differs from global activity along with solar and geomagnetic indices. For the automated classification of regional disturbances, a classification technique based on a robust machine learning technique that have found wide spread use, Support Vector Machine (SVM) is proposed. Performance of developed classification technique is demonstrated for midlatitude ionosphere over Anatolia using TEC estimates generated from GPS data provided by Turkish National Permanent GPS Network (TNPGN-Active) for solar maximum year of 2011. As a result of implementing developed classification technique to Global Ionospheric Map (GIM) TEC data, which is provided by the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), it is shown that SVM can be a suitable learning method to detect anomalies in TEC variations

NFS1 undergoes positive selection in lung tumours and protects cells from ferroptosis

Environmental nutrient levels impact cancer cell metabolism, resulting in context-dependent gene essentiality. Here, using loss-of-function screening based on RNA interference, we show that environmental oxygen levels are a major driver of differential essentiality between in vitro model systems and in vivo tumours. Above the 3-8% oxygen concentration typical of most tissues, we find that cancer cells depend on high levels of the iron-sulfur cluster biosynthetic enzyme NFS1. Mammary or subcutaneous tumours grow despite suppression of NFS1, whereas metastatic or primary lung tumours do not. Consistent with a role in surviving the high oxygen environment of incipient lung tumours, NFS1 lies in a region of genomic amplification present in lung adenocarcinoma and is most highly expressed in well-differentiated adenocarcinomas. NFS1 activity is particularly important for maintaining the iron-sulfur co-factors present in multiple cell-essential proteins upon exposure to oxygen compared to other forms of oxidative damage. Furthermore, insufficient iron-sulfur cluster maintenance robustly activates the iron-starvation response and, in combination with inhibition of glutathione biosynthesis, triggers ferroptosis, a non-apoptotic form of cell death. Suppression of NFS1 cooperates with inhibition of cysteine transport to trigger ferroptosis in vitro and slow tumour growth. Therefore, lung adenocarcinomas select for expression of a pathway that confers resistance to high oxygen tension and protects cells from undergoing ferroptosis in response to oxidative damage