The L-Word : A Short History of Liberalism

Hence the question: Are these good or bad times for liberalism? To answer, we shall need a broader perspective than a survey of contemporary developments can provide. We shall need to look back, that is, to see what liberalism was in order to understand what it has become. Only then can we assess its current condition and prospects-and appreciate how politics in the United States is largely an intramural debate between different wings of liberalism

AONDE VAI A TEORIA POLÍTICA?

Neste texto o autor propõe uma reavaliação da Teoria Política, a partir da constatação de sua morte e, ao mesmo tempo, da revalorização da disciplina a partir de meados dos anos 1970. A resposta do autor consiste em estabelecer uma distinção entre teorizações de primeira e segunda ordens, isto é, entre reflexões sobre as condições gerais de vida política em comum e o estudo dessas reflexões. Em seguida, o autor indica como os fatores que desvalorizaram a teorização normativa em décadas anteriores em particular a Ciência Política comportamentalista declinaram, ao mesmo tempo em que novas questões relativas à vida política em comum (nos Estados Unidos: a Guerra do Vietnã, o movimento pelos direitos civis, o movimento feminista) puseram na ordem do dia a disciplina da Teoria Política. O autor encerra o texto lembrando a importância do trabalho em conjunto dos cientistas políticos empíricos e dos teóricos políticos normativos, como sendo relativos a dois aspectos estreitamente relacionados de um mesmo fenômeno como cientistas e como cidadãos. WHITER POLITICAL THEORY? Abstract In this text the author proposes a reappraisal of Political Theory, based on the statement of its death and, at the same time, of its reassessment from the mid-1970s on. The authors proposal consists in to establish a distinction between first- and second-order theorizations, that is, between the reflections on political lifes generals conditions and the study of those reflections. Next, author shows how the factors that dismissed normative theorization in other decades particularly Behaviouralistic Political Science have declined, and, at the same time, new questions concerning political life (in the United States: Vietnam War, Civil Rights Movement, Feminist Movement) have brought to daylight the discipline of Political Theory. The author finishes the text remembering the importance of the close work between empirical political scientists and normative political theorists, as being concerned to two closely related aspects of the same phenomenon as scientists and as citizens. OU EST-CE QUELLE VA, LA THEORIE POLITIQUE? Résumé Dans ce texte lauteur propose une réévaluation de la Theorie Politique, à partir de la constatation de sa mort et, en même temps, de la revalorisation de cette discipline dans les annés septante. La réponse de lauteur consiste à établir une distinction entre des théorisations de premier et de seconde ordre, cest à dire, entre des réflexions à propos des conditions generales de la vie politique en commun et létude de ces réflexions. Ensuite, lauteur indique comme les facteurs qui ont dévalorisé la théorisation normative dans les décennies précédentes en particulier la Science Politique behavioriste ont décliné, en même temps que de nouvelles questions rélatifs à la vie politique en commun (aux États Unis: la Guerre du Vietnam, le mouvement par les droits civils, le mouvement féministe) ont mis à lordre du jour le champ disciplinaire de la Théorie Politique. Lauteur termine le texte en rappellant limportance du travail conjoint des scientifiques politiques « empiriques » et des théoriques politiques « normatives » lequel est rélatif à deux aspects étritement liés dun seul phénomène comme scientifiques et comme citoyens

Political Ideologies and the Democratic Ideal

Political Ideologies and the Democratic Ideal thoroughly analyzes and compares political ideologies to help readers understand these ideologies as acutely as a political scientist does. Used alone or with its companion Ideals and Ideologies: A Reader, this best-selling title promotes open-mindedness and develops critical thinking skills.https://scholarship.richmond.edu/bookshelf/1187/thumbnail.jp

Ideals and Ideologies: A Reader

Ideals and Ideologies: A Reader is a comprehensive compilation of original readings representing all of the major \u27isms . It offers students a generous sampling of key thinkers in different ideological traditions and places them in their historical and political contexts. Used on its own or with Political Ideologies and the Democratic Ideal, the title accounts for the different ways people use ideology and conveys the ongoing importance of ideas in politics.https://scholarship.richmond.edu/bookshelf/1193/thumbnail.jp

A brain-computer interface based cognitive training system for healthy elderly: A randomized control pilot study for usability and preliminary efficacy

10.1371/journal.pone.0079419PLoS ONE811-POLN

European Stroke Organisation and European Academy of Neurology joint guidelines on post-stroke cognitive impairment.

The optimal management of post-stroke cognitive impairment remains controversial. These joint European Stroke Organisation (ESO) and European Academy of Neurology (EAN) guidelines provide evidence-based recommendations to assist clinicians in decision making around prevention, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. These guidelines were developed according to ESO standard operating procedure and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. The working group identified relevant clinical questions, performed systematic reviews and, where possible, meta-analyses of the literature, assessed the quality of the available evidence and made specific recommendations. Expert consensus statements were provided where insufficient evidence was available to provide recommendations based on the GRADE approach. There was limited randomised controlled trial evidence regarding single or multicomponent interventions to prevent post-stroke cognitive decline. Interventions to improve lifestyle and treat vascular risk factors may have many health benefits but a beneficial effect on cognition is not proven. We found no evidence around routine cognitive screening following stroke but recognise the importance of targeted cognitive assessment. We described the accuracy of various cognitive screening tests but found no clearly superior approach to testing. There was insufficient evidence to make a recommendation for use of cholinesterase inhibitors, memantine nootropics or cognitive rehabilitation. There was limited evidence on the use of prediction tools for post-stroke cognitive syndromes (cognitive impairment, dementia and delirium). The association between post-stroke cognitive impairment and most acute structural brain imaging features was unclear, although the presence of substantial white matter hyperintensities of presumed vascular origin on acute MRI brain may help predict cognitive outcomes. These guidelines have highlighted fundamental areas where robust evidence is lacking. Further, definitive randomised controlled trials are needed, and we suggest priority areas for future research

Intergenerational educational mobility is associated with cardiovascular disease risk behaviours in a cohort of young Australian adults: The Childhood Determinants of Adult Health (CDAH) Study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Although educational disparity has been linked to single risk behaviours, it has not previously been studied as a predictor of overall lifestyle. We examined if current education, parental education or educational mobility between generations was associated with healthy lifestyles in young Australian adults.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In 2004-06, participant and parental education (high [bachelor degree or higher], intermediate [vocational training], low [secondary school only]) were assessed. Educational mobility was defined as: stable high (participant and parent in high group), stable intermediate (participant and parent in intermediate group), stable low (participant and parent in low group), downwardly (lower group than parent) and upwardly (higher group than parent) mobile. We derived a lifestyle score from 10 healthy behaviours (BMI, non-smoking, alcohol consumption, leisure time physical activity and six components of diet). Scores >4 indicated a high healthy lifestyle score. We estimated the likelihood of having a high healthy lifestyle score by education (participant and parent) and educational mobility.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Complete data were available for 1973 participants (53% female, age range 26 to 36 years). Those with lower education were less likely to have healthy lifestyles. Parental education was not associated with having a high healthy lifestyle score after adjustment for participant's education. Those who moved upward or downward were as likely to have a high healthy lifestyle score as those in the group they attained.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We found clear disparities in health behaviour by participant education and intergenerational educational mobility. People attaining a higher level of education than their parents appeared protected from developing an unhealthy lifestyle suggesting that population-wide improvements in education may be important for health.</p

Basic science232. Certolizumab pegol prevents pro-inflammatory alterations in endothelial cell function

Background: Cardiovascular disease is a major comorbidity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and a leading cause of death. Chronic systemic inflammation involving tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF) could contribute to endothelial activation and atherogenesis. A number of anti-TNF therapies are in current use for the treatment of RA, including certolizumab pegol (CZP), (Cimzia ®; UCB, Belgium). Anti-TNF therapy has been associated with reduced clinical cardiovascular disease risk and ameliorated vascular function in RA patients. However, the specific effects of TNF inhibitors on endothelial cell function are largely unknown. Our aim was to investigate the mechanisms underpinning CZP effects on TNF-activated human endothelial cells. Methods: Human aortic endothelial cells (HAoECs) were cultured in vitro and exposed to a) TNF alone, b) TNF plus CZP, or c) neither agent. Microarray analysis was used to examine the transcriptional profile of cells treated for 6 hrs and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysed gene expression at 1, 3, 6 and 24 hrs. NF-κB localization and IκB degradation were investigated using immunocytochemistry, high content analysis and western blotting. Flow cytometry was conducted to detect microparticle release from HAoECs. Results: Transcriptional profiling revealed that while TNF alone had strong effects on endothelial gene expression, TNF and CZP in combination produced a global gene expression pattern similar to untreated control. The two most highly up-regulated genes in response to TNF treatment were adhesion molecules E-selectin and VCAM-1 (q 0.2 compared to control; p > 0.05 compared to TNF alone). The NF-κB pathway was confirmed as a downstream target of TNF-induced HAoEC activation, via nuclear translocation of NF-κB and degradation of IκB, effects which were abolished by treatment with CZP. In addition, flow cytometry detected an increased production of endothelial microparticles in TNF-activated HAoECs, which was prevented by treatment with CZP. Conclusions: We have found at a cellular level that a clinically available TNF inhibitor, CZP reduces the expression of adhesion molecule expression, and prevents TNF-induced activation of the NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, CZP prevents the production of microparticles by activated endothelial cells. This could be central to the prevention of inflammatory environments underlying these conditions and measurement of microparticles has potential as a novel prognostic marker for future cardiovascular events in this patient group. Disclosure statement: Y.A. received a research grant from UCB. I.B. received a research grant from UCB. S.H. received a research grant from UCB. All other authors have declared no conflicts of interes