Diaqua­bis(2-chloro­benzoato-κO)bis­(N,N-diethyl­nicotinamide-κN 1)manganese(II)

In the monomeric title complex, [Mn(C7H4ClO2)2(C10H14N2O)2(H2O)2], the MnII atom is located on a crystallographic centre of inversion. The asymmetric unit contains one 2-chloro­benzoate (CB) ligand, one diethyl­nicotinamide (DENA) ligand and one coordinated water mol­ecule, all ligands being monodentate. The four O atoms in the equatorial plane around the Mn atom form a slightly distorted square-planar arrangement, while the slightly distorted octa­hedral coordination is completed by the two pyridine N atoms of the DENA ligands in the axial positions. The dihedral angle between the carboxyl group and the adjacent benzene ring is 77.9 (11)°, while the pyridine and benzene rings are oriented at a dihedral angle of 45.94 (5)°. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into infinite chains

Local spatial regression models : a comparative analysis on soil contamination

Spatial data analysis focuses on both attribute and locational information. Local analyses deal with differences across space whereas global analyses deal with similarities across space. This paper addresses an experimental comparative study to analyse the spatial data by some weighted local regression models. Five local regression models have been developed and their estimation capacities have been evaluated. The experimental studies showed that integration of objective function based fuzzy clustering to geostatistics provides some accurate and general models structures. In particular, the estimation performance of the model established by combining the extended fuzzy clustering algorithm and standard regional dependence function is higher than that of the other regression models. Finally, it could be suggested that the hybrid regression models developed by combining soft computing and geostatistics could be used in spatial data analysis

Plot by plot: plotting urbanism as an ordinary process of urbanization

With this paper, we analyse an ordinary urban process, which has received little attention so far and propose a new concept to take account of it: plotting urbanism. It is usually subsumed under terms like “urban informality” or “incremental urbanism” and not studied as a distinct process. In comparing Lagos, Istanbul and Shenzhen we captured four defining features of plotting urbanism: first, it unfolds in a piecemeal fashion with limited comprehensive planning. Second, it emerges from conflicts between multiple overlapping modes of territorial regulation, land tenure and property rights, which result in specific territorial compromises. Third, plotting is based on commodification of housing and land, which might accentuate socio-economic differentiations between property-owners, who often live in the same area, and their tenants. The term “plotting” highlights the key role of the plot in the process. It also alludes to strategic acts of collaboration for individual and collaborative benefit

Trained Immunity: Long-Term Adaptation in Innate Immune Responses

Contains fulltext : 232544.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access)Adaptive immune responses are characterized by antigen specificity and induction of lifelong immunologic memory. Recently, it has been reported that innate immune cells can also build immune memory characteristics-a process termed trained immunity. Trained immunity describes the persistent hyperresponsive phenotype that innate immune cells can develop after brief stimulation. Pathogenic stimuli such as microorganisms, and also endogenous molecules including uric acid, oxidized LDL (low-density lipoprotein), and catecholamines, are capable of inducing memory in monocytes and macrophages. While trained immunity provides favorable cross-protection in the context of infectious diseases, the heightened immune response can be maladaptive in diseases driven by chronic systemic inflammation, such as atherosclerosis. Trained immunity is maintained by distinct epigenetic and metabolic mechanisms and persists for at least several months in vivo due to reprogramming of myeloid progenitor cells. Additionally, certain nonimmune cells are also found to exhibit trained immunity characteristics. Thus, trained immunity presents an exciting framework to develop new approaches to vaccination and also novel pharmacological targets in the treatment of inflammatory diseases

Posttransplantation malignancies and treatments [Organ transplantasyonu sonrasi gelisen maligniteler ve tedavileri]

Long term immunosuppressive therapy following organ transplantation increases the risk of de novo malignant diseases development. Between 1985 through 1998, a total of 347 renal and 25 liver transplantations performed in Ege University Medical School Hospital, Department of General and Transplantation Surgery were studied retrospectively. During the follow up period, 15 patients with renal transplants and one with liver transplant have developed malignancy. In the management of the malignant diseases; reduction in the immunosuppression regimen for Kaposi's sarcoma, excision for epidermoid carcinoma in situ and basocellular carcinoma in situ, chemotherapy for lymphoma, conisation for cervix carcinoma in situ and modified radical mastectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy for breast carcinoma were performed. Mortality rate was %18.7(3 patients). Most of the malignancies after transplantation are skin related lesion and if they are diagnosed early are curable without organ loss. We suggest to screen all the patients for malignancy closer than the normal population, yearly mammograms, gynecologic examinations, occult blood and rectosigmoidoscopy and biopsy all skin lesion

Eicosanoids and inflammatory cells in frostbitten tissue: Prostacyclin, thromboxane, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and mast cells

The pathophysiology of cold injury is still controversial. An inflammatory process has been implicated as the underlying mechanism and certain anti-inflammatory substances such as ibuprofen and acetylsalicylic acid have been used in the clinical treatment of frostbite injury. It has been postulated that the progressive ischemic necrosis is secondary to excessive thromboxane A(2) production, which upsets the normal balance between prostacyclin (prostaglandin Ig) and thromboxane A(2). It was aimed to clarify the pathophysiology of cold injury in this study. Twenty-one New Zealand White rabbits, each weighing 1.2 to 2.9 kg, were divided into control (n = 10) and frost bitten (n = 11) groups the randomly. The rabbit ears in the frostbitten group were subjected to cold injury, and the levels of thromboxane A(2) (as thromboxane B-2) and of prostaglandin I-2 (as 6-keto-prostaglandin F-1 alpha) and the number of inflammatory cells (polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mast cells) were measured in normal and frostbitten skin of rabbit ears. The levels of 6-keto prostaglandin F-1 alpha and thromboxane B-2, the stable metabolites of prostaglandin I-2 and thromboxane A(2), respectively, were increased in a statistically significant way (p < 0.002) by frostbite injury; however, thromboxane B-2 increased more than 6-keto prostaglandin F-1 alpha. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mast cells, absent in normal skin, were present in the frostbitten skin. There was a statistically significant (p < 0.01) correlation between the time a rabbit ear was maintained at below -10 degrees C and skin survival and between the weights of rabbits and skin survival (p < 0.024). All these findings suggest that inflammation is involved in frostbite injury; a decrease in prostaglandin I-2/thromboxane A(2) ratio could be one of the factors leading to necrosis; the bigger the animal, the better its ability to counter frostbite

Defibrotide activity in experimental frostbite injury

The pathogenesis of frostbite injury has not been completely elucidated although the available evidence suggests it is an inflammatory reaction following reperfusion injury. Defibrotide given i.p, at 40 mg/kg/ day for three days to rabbits, the ears of which were subjected to frostbite, decreased the presence of inflammatory cells (mast cells -76%; neutrophils -40.4%) and increased prostaglandin I-2 (PGI(2)) (as 6-Keto-PGF(1 alpha)) in the involved skin. Thromboxane A(2) (TxA(2)) (as TxB(2)) was unaffected. These data strengthen the view that an inflammatory process is the underlying cause of frostbite injury and that Defibrotide is active in pathological situations involving an inflammatory process like in frostbite

SPA therapy in fibromyalgia: a randomised controlled clinic study

Objective: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effectiveness of spa therapy in the management of fibromyalgia. Methods: Thirty women with fibromyalgia were randomly assigned to either a spa therapy group or a control group. The spa therapy group (n = 16) had spa treatment for 2 weeks in addition to their medical treatment. The control group (n = 14) continued to have their medical treatment and/or daily exercises. An investigator who was blinded for the intervention assessed all the patients for 9 months. Improvements in Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), pain and number of tender points were primary outcomes. Secondary outcome measures were improvement in sleep disturbance, fatigue, gastrointestinal symptoms, anxiety, Beck Depression Inventory and patient's global evaluation. Results: the spa group was found to be superior to the control group at the end of intervention in terms of FIQ, pain, tender point count, fatigue and patients' global assessment. This superiority remained for 6 months in FIQ, 1 month in pain and tender point count. Conclusion: It was concluded that the addition of spa therapy to medical therapy has both short- and long-term beneficial effects in female patients with fibromyalgia

Interpupillary index: a new parameter for hypo-hypertelorism

To establish anew clinical index to evaluate the presence of hypo-hypertelorism with greater accuracy. Material and Methods: After screening a wide range of population, 310 elementary school children (185 boys, 125 girls) aged 7-15 years were included in this study. For this cross-sectional study, a millimetre ruler was used. The anatomical interpupillary distance was measured by a modified Viktorin's method. In addition, inner and outer intercanthal distances were obtained. The data were analyzed by Student's t-test for two independent samples using SPSS for Windows. There were children with clinical hypertelorism (n = 92, group 1), children with large fronto-occipital circumference (FOC) (n = 101, group 2), and age- and sex-matched normal controls (n = 117, group 3). Due to variations in FOC among healthy subjects, we introduced a new practical concept for evaluation of interpupillary distance, namely the interpupillary index, the simple product obtained by dividing the interpupillary distance by the FOC, multiplied by 100. Results: The overall idiopathic benign macrocephalic children (group 2) had significantly (p 0.05). On the other hand, the children with hypertelorism had significantly (p < 0.001) larger interpupillary distances (6.47 +/- 0.29 cm) and FOCs (54.90 +/- 2.18 cm) when compared with the controls. In addition, the interpupillary index was significantly (p < 0.001) higher (11.80 +/- 0.45) than both macrocephalic children (10.76 +/- 0.50) and controls (10.79 +/- 0.35). Intercanthal distances and intercanthal index of hyperteloric children were also significantly (p < 0.001) larger than both macrocephalic children and controls. Conclusion: This new index offers a new concept for more accurate evaluation of the presence of ocular hypo-hypertelorism. (C) 2001 European Association for Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery