In the eye of the beholder: Reduced threat-bias and increased gaze-imitation towards reward in relation to trait anger

The gaze of a fearful face silently signals a potential threat's location, while the happy-gaze communicates the location of impending reward. Imitating such gaze-shifts is an automatic form of social interaction that promotes survival of individual and group. Evidence from gaze-cueing studies suggests that covert allocation of attention to another individual's gaze-direction is facilitated when threat is communicated and further enhanced by trait anxiety. We used novel eye-tracking techniques to assess whether dynamic fearful and happy facial expressions actually facilitate automatic gaze-imitation. We show that this actual gaze-imitation effect is stronger when threat is signaled, but not further enhanced by trait anxiety. Instead, trait anger predicts facilitated gaze-imitation to reward, and to reward compared to threat. These results agree with an increasing body of evidence on trait anger sensitivity to reward

Knowledge Utopias: An epistemological perspective on the convergence of museums, libraries and archives

Since 2005, convergence of museums, libraries and archives has emerged as a prominent trend in both the international and Australia collection sectors, made manifest through the development of digital platforms that allow integrated access to diverse collection databases, as well as collaborations and mergers of bricks-and-mortar cultural institutions to incorporate various types of collections and professional disciplines. The convergence phenomenon has led to significant investments in technology and infrastructure, provoking considerable scholarly and professional discourse across collecting domains. Yet, the existence of only a handful of empirical studies reflects a nascent field of study where the majority of research is characterised by inventory-style attempts to quantify and classify types of collaborative projects. This thesis extends current research by examining convergence through a dual commitment to both theory and fieldwork. Focussing on the interpretation of museum collections within converged institutions, I combine conceptual analysis of the epistemological implications of convergence with five detailed case studies of converged organisations in Australia and New Zealand. In a museological context, the research explores ways in which the integration of collecting institutions influences understandings of objects through its impact on museum practices. The findings suggest that convergence not only produces a new institutional framework for museum practice, but also that the integration of collecting institutions has the potential to reshape fundamental understandings of identity, place, heritage and culture

Взаимоотношения субъекта и объекта услуг в логистичекой системе обслуживания индивидуальных потребителей

В статье анализируется основная проблема функционирования логистической системы обслуживания индивидуальных потребителей: сопряжение интеров субъекта и объекта услуг. Представлены графическое отражение и аналитическое описание работы системы. Рассмотрены четыре варианта оценки услуги исполнителем и потребителем. Показана зависимость оценки услуги от её комплексности.In article the basic problem of functioning of logistical system of service of individual consumers is analyzed: interface of interests of the subject and object of services. Graphic reflection and the analytical description of work of system are submitted. Four variants of an estimation of service by the executor and the consumer are considered. Dependence of an estimation of service on its integrated approach is shown

Визначення правового статусу садівницьких, городницьких та дачних товариств

Розкриваються особливості правового статусу садівницьких, городницьких та дач­них товариств, досліджується їх організаційно-правова форма та ті специфічні пра­вові ознаки, що знаходяться в її основі. У зв’язку з відсутністю правової бази діяль­ності цих товариств, робиться спроба сформувати основні теоретико-правові кон­цептуальні підходи до розуміння їх природи та змоделювати законодавчу схему регулювання їх діяльності.Раскрываются особенности правового статуса садоводческих, огороднических и дачных товариществ, исследуются их организационно-правовая форма и правовые особенности, составляющие ее основание. В связи с отсутствием правовых обоснований деятельности этих товариществ автор стремится сформировать основные теоре­тико-правовые концептуальные подходы к раскрытию их сущности и смоделировать законодательную схему регулирования деятельности рассматриваемых товариществ.In article features of legal status of garden, vegetable-garden and country companies reveal, their organizational legal form and those specific features that are in its basis are investigated. In connection with absence of legal base of activity of these communities is attempted to generate the basic theoretical-legal conceptual approaches to understanding of their nature and model legislative sphere of regulation of their activity becomes

Paradoxical Facilitation of Working Memory after Basolateral Amygdala Damage

Working memory is a vital cognitive capacity without which meaningful thinking and logical reasoning would be impossible. Working memory is integrally dependent upon prefrontal cortex and it has been suggested that voluntary control of working memory, enabling sustained emotion inhibition, was the crucial step in the evolution of modern humans. Consistent with this, recent fMRI studies suggest that working memory performance depends upon the capacity of prefrontal cortex to suppress bottom-up amygdala signals during emotional arousal. However fMRI is not well-suited to definitively resolve questions of causality. Moreover, the amygdala is neither structurally or functionally homogenous and fMRI studies do not resolve which amygdala sub-regions interfere with working memory. Lesion studies on the other hand can contribute unique causal evidence on aspects of brain-behaviour phenomena fMRI cannot “see”. To address these questions we investigated working memory performance in three adult female subjects with bilateral basolateral amygdala calcification consequent to Urbach-Wiethe Disease and ten healthy controls. Amygdala lesion extent and functionality was determined by structural and functional MRI methods. Working memory performance was assessed using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III digit span forward task. State and trait anxiety measures to control for possible emotional differences between patient and control groups were administered. Structural MRI showed bilateral selective basolateral amygdala damage in the three Urbach-Wiethe Disease subjects and fMRI confirmed intact functionality in the remaining amygdala sub-regions. The three Urbach-Wiethe Disease subjects showed significant working memory facilitation relative to controls. Control measures showed no group anxiety differences. Results are provisionally interpreted in terms of a ‘cooperation through competition’ networks model that may account for the observed paradoxical functional facilitation effect

The Human Basolateral Amygdala Is Indispensable for Social Experiential Learning

Trust and betrayal are central to our social world, and adaptive responses to generous and selfish behavior are crucial to our economic and social well-being [1]. We learn about others’ trustworthiness through trial and error during repeated interactions [2]. By reinforcing and suppressing behavior during positive and negative interactions with conspecifics, rodent research has established a crucial role for the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in social experiential learning [3, 4]. The human BLA has undergone a reorganization with massive expansion relative to other amygdala nuclei [5], and there is no translational research on its role in experiential learning. The human amygdala is traditionally researched as a single structure [6], neglecting the sub-nuclei's structural und functional differences [7], which might explain inconsistent findings in research on social interactions [8, 9]. Here, we study whether the human BLA is necessary for social and non-social experiential learning by testing a group of five humans with selective bilateral damage to the BLA. We compared their learning behavior in a repeated trust game, and a non-social control task, to healthy, matched controls. Crucially, BLA-damaged subjects, unlike control subjects, completely failed to adapt their investments when interacting with a trustworthy and an untrustworthy partner. In the non-social task, BLA-damaged subjects learned from positive outcomes but differed from the controls by not learning from negative outcomes. Our data extend findings in rodent research by showing that the human BLA is essential for social experiential learning and provide confirmatory evidence of divergent mechanisms for differentially valenced outcomes in non-social learning

Боротьба компартійних органів з єврейським національним рухом у 20-х рр. ХХ ст.

В статті розглядаються питання пов'язані із знищенням компартійною системою єврейського національного підпілля на Правобережній Україні та проведення репресій щодо єврейських активістів в 20-х рр. ХХ ст.В статье рассматриваются вопросы связанные с уничтожением компартийной системой еврейского национального подполья на Правобережной Украине и проведение репрессий среди еврейских активистов в 20-е гг. ХХ века.The article runs about extermination by Communist Party System of the Jewish National Underground Organization on the Right Bank of Ukraine, as well as carrying repressions against Jewish activists in the 20-th of the 20th century as one of manifistation of antisemitism in Ukraine are under consideration

Trait dominance promotes reflexive staring at masked angry body postures

It has been shown that dominant individuals sustain eye-contact when non-consciously confronted with angry faces, suggesting reflexive mechanisms underlying dominance behaviors. However, dominance and submission can be conveyed and provoked by means of not only facial but also bodily features. So far few studies have investigated the interplay of body postures with personality traits and behavior, despite the biological relevance and ecological validity of these postures. Here we investigate whether non-conscious exposure to bodily expressions of anger evokes reflex-like dominance behavior. In an interactive eye-tracking experiment thirty-two participants completed three social dominance tasks with angry, happy and neutral facial, bodily and face and body compound expressions that were masked from consciousness. We confirmed our predictions of slower gaze-aversion from both non-conscious bodily and compound expressions of anger compared to happiness in high dominant individuals. Results from a follow-up experiment suggest that the dominance behavior triggered by exposure to bodily anger occurs with basic detection of the category, but not recognition of the emotional content. Together these results suggest that dominant staring behavior is reflexively driven by non-conscious perception of the emotional content and triggered by not only facial but also bodily expression of anger