Deteksjon av antistoffer i atlantisk laks med et kulebasert multipleks immunoassay

Viral diseases are among of the main challenges in aquaculture in Norway today. Heart- and skeletal muscle inflammation, caused by Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV), and pancreas disease (PD), caused by Salmonid alphavirus (SAV), both cause huge losses of farmed Atlantic salmon. Vaccination is a possible solution that is already contributing to the control of bacterial diseases. Unfortunately, making effective vaccines against viral diseases has been challenging and information about which immune mechanisms that are involved in protection is lacking. Antibodies can mediate complete protection against some diseases, and antibody levels after vaccination can correlate with protection, even if the protection is mediated by other mechanisms. In addition, antibody detection can be used in disease surveillance to determine if a fish population is or has been infected with a virus. Unfortunately, measuring antibody levels in salmon is not straightforward. Such measurements have not been widely used, and often show high levels of background binding. An important reason for this is that fish antibodies are of the IgM type. IgM is less specific than IgG, the dominating antibody in mammals. Therefore, other methods, like PCR and histology, are more used in diagnostics in Atlantic salmon. In this work, we have for the first time used an assay based on microscopic magnetic beads conjugated with antigen to measure antibody levels in Atlantic salmon. This method has a high sensitivity and can be used to measure antibodies against several proteins simultaneously in the same sample. By using this method, we have detected antibodies against PRV and SAV. In paper I and II, plasma from two PRV challenge trials was used to detect antibodies against the PRV proteins μ1c, μNS and σ1. We also detected antibodies against PRV1- σ1 in plasma from PRV-3-infected rainbow trout. There have been no previous publications detecting antibodies against PRV. The peak antibody level coincided with decreased pathology in the heart. In addition to showing virus-specific antibodies, our results show an increase in non-specific antibodies in PRV-infected salmon. This unspecific binding, but not the virus-specific binding, was decreased by heat treatment of samples. The nonspecific antibodies could be so-called polyreactive antibodies. Polyreactive antibodies could be crucial in protecting the salmon against infections before the adaptive immune system has had time to react, but their function, as well as the function of virus-specific antibodies during a PRV infection is unclear. In paper III, we detected antibodies against whole SAV particles disrupted with Triton-X. The antibody binding increased from between week three and week six after the introduction of SAVinjected shedder fish. The SAV particles also worked well with little background binding when analyzing plasma from a PD outbreak in the field. Antibodies were detected in most fish from four weeks after the start of the outbreak, and the antibody level stayed elevated until the last sampling point at 15 weeks. At this time point, most samples were negative for virus when analyzed with RTqPCR, showing that serology has a longer window of detection compared to detection of viral RNA by RT-qPCR. These results show that both virus-specific and non-specific antibodies can be produced after infection in Atlantic salmon. The method used is well suited for antibody detection in salmon but can be complicated by the presence of non-specific antibodies. It is therefore crucial to optimize the antigens for detection of specific antibodies.Virussykdommer er en av de store utfordringene i oppdrettsnæringa i Norge i dag. Hjerte- og skjelettmuskelbetennelse, forårsaket av Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV), og pankreas sykdom (PD), forårsaket av Salmonid alphavirus (SAV), fører begge til store tap av atlantisk laks i oppdrett. Vaksinering er en mulig løsning som allerede har bidratt til god kontroll på bakterielle infeksjoner hos laks. Dessverre er det utfordrende å lage vaksiner som virker godt mot virusinfeksjoner. Informasjon om hvilke immunfunksjoner som er involvert i beskyttelse er også mangelfull. Antistoffer kan gi full beskyttelse mot noen sykdommer, og antistoffnivået etter vaksinering kan korrelere med beskyttelsen, også om beskyttelsen skyldes andre immunmekanismer. I tillegg kan antistoffdeteksjon brukes i sykdomsovervåkning for å finne ut om fiskepopulasjoner er eller har vært infisert med et virus. Dessverre er det ikke rett fram å måle antistoffnivå hos laks. Antistoffmåling er lite brukt og det er ofte mye bakgrunnsbinding. En viktig grunn til dette er at fiskens antistoff er av typen IgM, som er mindre spesifikk enn IgG i pattedyr. Derfor er andre metoder, som PCR og histologi, mest brukt til påvisning av virussykdom hos laks. I dette arbeidet har vi for første gang brukt et assay basert på mikroskopiske magnetiske kuler konjugert med antigen til å måle antistoffnivå i laks. Denne metoden har høy sensitivitet og gir muligheten til å måle antistoffer mot mange proteiner i samme prøve samtidig

Education for international understanding after WWII – an education for human rights?

UNESCOs program on education for International Understanding had the overall aim of contributing to a world based on peaceful cooperation between nations and peoples after WWII. Such education, although it included providing pupils with knowledge, centered more on the teaching of skills, practices and attitudes every individual would need in order to live peacefully together across cultural and national boundaries. International Understanding as such was to be a mental defense against war and totalitarian ideas. Here, we discuss the content of education for international understanding in the 1940s and early 1950s, together with ideas for its implementation in different regions and nations. It will revolve around UNESCO’s Teachers’ Seminars from 1946 to 1952, and their foci on cultural understanding and human rights education within UNESCO’s broader debates on how to teach International Understanding.Keywords: education, UNESCO, human rights, international understanding

The Affect Misattribution Procedure.

The Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP) has been forwarded as one of the most promising alternatives to the Implicit Association Test and the evaluative-priming task for measuring attitudes such as prejudice indirectly. We investigated whether the AMP is indeed able to detect an evaluative out-group bias. In contrast to recent conclusions about the robustness of AMP effects, six out of seven pilot studies indicated that participants did not show any prejudice effects in the AMP. Yet, these pilot studies were not fully conclusive with regard to our research question because they investigated different domains of prejudice, used small sample sizes, and employed a modified AMP version. In a preregistered, high-powered AMP study, we therefore examined whether the standard AMP does reveal prejudice against Turks, the biggest minority in Germany, and found a significant, albeit very small prejudice effect. We discuss possible reasons for the AMP's weak sensitivity to evaluations in socially sensitive domains

'Automatic' evaluation? Strategic effects on affective priming

Two studies examined strategic effects on affective priming. Extending prior research by Klauer and Teige-Mocigemba [Klauer, K. C., & Teige-Mocigemba, S. (2007). Controllability and resource dependence in automatic evaluations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 648–655], the influence of different control strategies on a priming measure of prejudice was assessed. In both studies, a short stimulus onset asynchrony between prime and target (275 ms) was implemented along with considerable time pressure. In Study 1, participants could strategically eliminate priming effects with attitudinal prime categories (Arabs and liked celebrities) represented by several exemplars per category while priming effects for control categories remained intact. In Study 2, two strategies (payoff and faking) were induced to motivate participants to respond particularly fast and accurately to incongruent targets. Both strategies were successful in counteracting the usual priming effects, while leaving priming effects for non-targeted primes intact. We consider the role of so-called implementation intentions in accounting for the present findings

A Comparison of Lower Extremity Joint Power in the Squat and Deadlift

The squat (SQ) and deadlift (DL) are commonly utilized to improve sport performance. An important variable in sport performance is joint power, as greater joint power has been associated with adaptations that improve performance such as higher vertical jump height. Therefore, picking exercises that result in greater joint power production can be beneficial in improving sport performance. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare joint power at the hip, knee, and ankle between the SQ and the DL. We hypothesized that the DL will have greater hip joint power, while the SQ will have greater joint power production at the knee and ankle. METHODS: 28 healthy participants (17 male, 11 female, 23.7±4.0 yrs., 1.76±0.09 m, 78.10±10.91kg) who had trained the SQ and DL at least once per week for the last three months were recruited for data collection. 2 visits were required from each participant with the first visit involving one- repetition-maximum (1RM) testing. During the second visit, participants underwent 3-D biomechanical analyses for the SQ and DL at 85% 1RM for each exercise in a randomized order, with a five-minute rest period. The 2nd of the three repetitions was used for analysis. A 2 (exercise) by 3 (joint) repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare peak joint powers at the hip, knee, and ankle. Post hoc comparisons were assessed using a Bonferroni adjustment (0.05/3 = 0.0167). RESULTS The 2 (exercise) by 3 (joint) repeated measures ANOVA for joint powers was significant (F1,27=3.08, p=0.05). Knee joint power was greater in the SQ compared to the DL (1.09±0.88 vs 0.53±0.44 W/kg-1, p=0.002), as well as ankle joint power (0.32±0.33 vs 0.13±0.11 W/kg-1, p=0.009). No differences were found in hip joint power (p=0.052). CONCLUSION: Because the SQ resulted in greater joint power at the knee and ankle, the SQ could be more beneficial than the DL if the goal is to improve sport performance, particularly sports that involve vertical jumping. However, there are other factors other than joint power that need be assessed before drawing final conclusions