Association of general and central adiposity with blood pressure among Chinese adults: results from the China National Stroke Prevention Project

Background: The American Heart Association concluded that waist circumference was a better predictor of blood pressure risk than BMI in Asians. However, data are inconsistent and information in Chinese, the largest global population group, is limited.  Methods: Data was obtained from the Chinese National Stroke Prevention Project Survey of a nationally representative sample of middle-aged and older Chinese adults. A total of 135 825 individuals not taking any antihypertensive drugs were included in this study. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between blood pressure and parameters of general adiposity, including BMI, height-adjusted weight, and parameters of central adiposity, including waist circumference, hip circumference, waist–hip ratio, and waist–height ratio. Results were shown as mean difference in blood pressure associated with one standard deviation higher level of adiposity.  Results: The overall means ± standard deviation of BMI and waist circumference were 24.3 ± 3.18 kg/m2 and 84.0 ± 8.88 cm, respectively. BMI seemed more strongly associated with SBP/DBP (4.22 mmHg/SD; 2.60 mmHg/SD) than central adiposity markers. In addition, there were sex differences. For men, waist circumference showed a stronger association with SBP/DBP than BMI (4.04 vs. 3.79, P < 0.05; 2.26 vs. 2.13, P < 0.05). For women, BMI was more closely related to SBP/DBP than central adiposity parameters, such as waist circumference (4.59 vs. 3.41, P < 0.05; 2.98 vs. 2.24, P < 0.05). Additionally, in both urban and rural areas, waist circumference was mostly associated with SBP/DBP among men, whereas it was BMI among women.  Conclusion: Compared with central adiposity, blood pressure is more strongly associated with general adiposity in Chinese adults. Interestingly, there are significant sex differences in the relationship of blood pressure with general and central adiposity. Waist circumference is the strongest predictor for men but suboptimal for women, and BMI tend to a better predictor of blood pressure for women. In addition, our results for men are consistent with the recommendation of the American Heart Association in 2015 that waist circumference could be used for assessing the risk of blood pressure

5α-reductases in human adipose tissues

The substrate for the generation of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is either androstenedione (4- dione) which is first converted to androstanedione and then to DHT through 17-oxoreductase activity, or testosterone, which is directly converted to DHT. Three 5α-reductase isoenzymes have been characterized and designated as types 1, 2 and 3 (SRD5A1, 2 and 3). Objective: To define the predominant source of local DHT production in human adipose tissues, identify 5αreductase isoenzymes and test their impact on preadipocyte differentiation. Methods: Cultures of omental (OM) and subcutaneous (SC) preadipocytes were treated for 0, 6 or 24h with 30 nM 14C-4-dione or 14C-testosterone, with and without 500 nM 5α-reductase inhibitors 17-N,Ndiethylcarbamoyl-4-methyl-4-aza-5-androstan-3-one (4-MA) or finasteride. Protein level and mRNA abundance of 5α-reductase isoenzymes/transcripts were examined in whole SC and OM adipose tissue. HEK-293 cells stably transfected with 5α-reductase type 1, 2 or 3 were used to test 5α-reductase inhibitors. We also assessed the impact of 5α-reductase inhibitors on preadipocyte differentiation. Results: Over 24h, DHT formation from 4-dione increased gradually (p<0.05) and was significantly higher compared to that generated from testosterone (p<0.001). DHT formation from both 4-dione and testosterone was blocked by both 5α-reductase inhibitors. In whole adipose tissue from both fat compartments, SRD5A3 was the most highly expressed isoenzyme followed by SRD5A1 (p<0.001). SRD5A2 was not expressed. In HEK-293 cells, 4-MA and finasteride inhibited activity of 5α-reductases type 2 and type 3 but not type 1. In preadipocyte cultures where differentiation was inhibited by 4-dione (p<0.05, n=7) or testosterone (p<0.05, n=5), the inhibitors 4-MA and finasteride abolished these effects. Conclusion: Although 4-dione is the main source of DHT in human preadipocytes, 5αreductase-mediated DHT production mediates the inhibitory effect of both 4-dione and testosterone on preadipocyte differentiation

Depot-Specific Adipose Tissue Metabolite Profiles and Corresponding Changes Following Aerobic Exercise

Objectives: Total, visceral, and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) depots have distinct associations with cardiometabolic health; however, the metabolite profiles that characterize each AT depot and its reduction following exercise are poorly understood. Our objectives were to (1) assess the independent associations between identified metabolites and total, visceral and abdominal subcutaneous AT; and (2) examine whether changes in metabolite concentrations and AT mass following aerobic exercise are associated.Methods: A secondary analysis was performed in 103 middle-aged abdominally obese men and women {[mean (SD)], 52.4 (8.0) years} randomized into one of four groups varying in exercise amount and intensity for 6 months duration: high amount high intensity, high amount low intensity, low amount low intensity, and control. One hundred and forty seven metabolites were profiled by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. AT mass was measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Results: Individual metabolite associations with AT depots confirmed several established cross-sectional relationships between the obesity phenotype and metabolic pathways. Collapsed across exercise groups, reduction in visceral AT predicted increases in pyroglutamic acid (B = −0.41) and TCA cycle intermediates [succinic (B = −0.41) and fumaric acid (B = −0.20)], independent of change in total AT. Changes in UDP-GlcNAc (B = 0.43), pyroglutamic acid (B = −0.35), histidine (B = 0.20), citric acid/isocitric acid (B = −0.20), and creatine (B = 0.27) were significantly associated with changes in total AT (false discovery rate = 0.1).Conclusions: Our findings point to potential biomarkers of depot-specific AT reduction that may play a direct role in mediating cardiometabolic improvements

Adipocyte size as a determinant of metabolic disease and adipose tissue dysfunction

Obesity is a heterogeneous disease and is associated with comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Several studies have examined the role of dysfunctional adipose tissue in the pathogenesis of obesity, highlighting the contrasting properties and impact of distinct fat compartments, sometimes with contradictory results. Dysfunctional adipose tissue involves enlargement, or hypertrophy, of pre-existing fat cells, which is thought to confer increases in cardiometabolic risk, independent of the level of obesity per se . In this article, we critically analyze available literature that examined the ability of adipocyte cell size to predict metabolic disease and adipose tissue dysfunction in humans. Many studies demonstrate that increased fat cell size is a significant predictor of altered blood lipid profiles and glucose–insulin homeostasis independent of adiposity indices. The contri- bution of visceral adiposity to these associations appears to be of particular importance. However, available studies are not unanimous and many fat depot-specific aspects of the relationship between increased fat cell size and cardiometabolic risk or parameters of adipose tissue dysfunction are still unresolved. Methodological factors such as the approach used to express the data may represent significant confounders in these studies. Additional studies should consider the fact that the relationship between fat cell size and common adiposity indices is non-linear, particularly when reaching the obese range. In conclusion, our analysis demonstrates that fat cell size is a significant predictor of the cardiometabolic alterations related to obesity. We propose that adipocyte hypertrophy, especially in the visceral fat compartment, may represent a strong marker of limited hyperplasic capacity in subcutaneous adipose tissues, which in turn is associated with the presence of numerous cardiometabolic alterations

Manajemen Program Siaran Lokal Aceh TV Dalam Upaya Penyebarluasan Syariat Islam Dan Pelestarian Budaya Lokal

Managing broadcasting management is not easy. Managing the broadcasting business is a difficult and challenging. This research aims to analyze the activity of management and organizational performance ACEH TV television media in an effort to disseminate the Islamic Sharia and Preservation of Local Culture in Aceh. This research is descriptive qualitative. Informants of this research is managing director, program director, executive producer, cameraman / reporter, as well as additional informants Regional Chairman of the Indonesian Broadcasting Commission (KPID) Aceh, Aceh Province Department of Islamic Law, and local media observers. The location of this research is in Banda Aceh, Aceh province. Sampling was done purposively. Data collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. Data were analyzed by analysis of an interactive model of Miles and Huberman. The results showed that the ACEH TV as the medium of television that is broadcasting management ACEH have done according to a local television broadcasting standard. Agenda setting function of mass media performed in the ACEH TV dissemination of Islamic Shariah in Aceh and local culture to influence the people of Aceh to implement Islamic Sharia and also maintain the culture and local wisdom Aceh. It can be seen from all the programs that are aired ACEH TV is a program of local cultural nuances of Islamic law. There are still some shortcomings in running broadcasting broadcasting technology such as lack of equipment that is increasingly sophisticated. The results of image editing is very simple, and some programs presenter still looks stiff when in front of the camera

Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz extract inhibits adipogenesis and lipase activity in vitro

Background: Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz (O. indicum) is found in Thailand. It has been used for the treatment of obesity. This study aimed to investigate the effects of an O. indicum extract (OIE) on the adipogenic and biomolecular change in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Methods: Initial studies examined the chemical components of OIE. The cell line 3T3-L1 was used to establish potential toxic effects of OIE during the differentiation of pre-adipocytes to adipocytes. The inhibitory effect of OIE on lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells was investigated. Moreover, the impact of OIE on pancreatic lipase activity was determined. In further experiments, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) was used to monitor and discriminate biomolecular changes caused by the potential anti-adipogenic effect of OIE on 3T3-L1 cells. Results: Chemical screening methods indicated that OIE was composed of flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, glycosides, and tannins. The percentage viability of 3T3-L1 cells was not significantly decreased after exposure to either 200 or 150 μg/mL of OIE for 2 and 10 days, respectively compared to control cells. The OIE exhibited a dose-dependent reduction of lipid accumulation compared to the control (p < 0.05). The extract also demonstrated a dosedependent inhibitory effect upon lipase activity compared to the control. The inhibitory effect of the OIE on lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells was also confirmed using FTIR microspectroscopy. The signal intensity and the integrated areas relating to lipids, lipid esters, nucleic acids, glycogen and carbohydrates of the OIE-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were significantly lower than the non-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes (p < 0.05). Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated four distinct clusters for the FTIR spectra of 3T3-L1 adipocytes based on biomolecular changes (lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates). This observation was confirmed using Unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis (UHCA). Conclusions: These novel findings provide evidence that the OIE derived from the fruit pods of the plant is capable of inhibiting lipid and carbohydrate accumulation in adipocytes and also has the potential to inhibit an enzyme associated with fat absorption. The initial observations indicate that OIE may have important properties which in the future may be exploited for the management of the overweight or obese

Omental adipocyte hypertrophy relates to coenzyme Q10 redox state and lipid peroxidation in obese women

Occurrence of oxidative stress in white adipose tissues contributes to its dysfunction and the development of obesity-related metabolic complications. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is the single lipophilic antioxidant synthesized in humans and is essential for electron transport during mitochondrial respiration. To understand the role of CoQ10 in adipose tissue physiology and dysfunction, the abundance of the oxidized and reduced (CoQ10red) isoforms of the CoQ10 were quantified in subcutaneous and omental adipose tissues of women covering the full range of BMI (from 21.5 to 53.2 kg/m2). Lean women displayed regional variations of CoQ10 redox state between the omental and subcutaneous depot, despite similar total content. Obese women had reduced CoQ10red concentrations in the omental depot, leading to increased CoQ10 redox state and higher levels of lipid hydroperoxide. Women with low omental CoQ10 content had greater visceral and subcutaneous adiposity, increased omental adipocyte diameter, and higher circulating interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein levels and were more insulin resistant. The associations between abdominal obesity-related cardiometabolic risk factors and CoQ10 content in the omental depot were abolished after adjustment for omental adipocyte diameter. This study shows that hypertrophic remodeling of visceral fat closely relates to depletion of CoQ10, lipid peroxidation, and inflammation

Visceral Adipocyte Hypertrophy is Associated With Dyslipidemia Independent of Body Composition and Fat Distribution in Women

OBJECTIVE We assessed whether subcutaneous and omental adipocyte hypertrophy are related to metabolic alterations independent of body composition and fat distribution in women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Mean adipocyte diameter of paired subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue samples was obtained in lean to obese women. Linear regression models predicting adipocyte size in both adipose tissue depots were computed using body composition and fat distribution measures (n = 150). In a given depot, women with larger adipocytes than predicted by the regression were considered as having adipocyte hypertrophy, whereas women with smaller adipocytes than predicted were considered as having adipocyte hyperplasia. RESULTS Women characterized by omental adipocyte hypertrophy had higher plasma and VLDL triglyceride levels as well as a higher total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio compared with women characterized by omental adipocyte hyperplasia (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Conversely, women characterized by subcutaneous adipocyte hypertrophy or hyperplasia showed a similar lipid profile. In logistic regression analyses, a 10% enlargement of omental adipocytes increased the risk of hypertriglyceridemia (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 4.06, P &amp;lt; 0.001) independent of body composition and fat distribution measures. A 10% increase in visceral adipocyte number also raised the risk of hypertriglyceridemia (adjusted OR 1.55, P &amp;lt; 0.02). Associations between adipocyte size and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance were not significant once adjusted for adiposity and body fat distribution. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that omental, but not subcutaneous, adipocyte hypertrophy is associated with an altered lipid profile independent of body composition and fat distribution in women. </jats:sec

Expression and activity of 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (AKR1C1) in abdominal subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue in women

We have examined the expression and activity of 20a-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20a-HSD) in abdominal adipose tissue in women. This recently-characterized enzyme from the aldoketoreductase 1C family (AKR1C1) is responsible for the conversion of progesterone into 20a-hydroxyprogesterone. Abdominal subcutaneous (SC) and omental (OM) adipose tissue biopsies were obtained from a sample of 32 women aged 47.7+-5.9 years (BMI: 27.6+-5.0 kg/m2 ) undergoing abdominal hysterectomies. Body composition and body fat distribution measurements were performed before the surgery by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography respectively. The expression of 20a-HSD was determined by real-time RT-PCR, and its activity was measured in whole tissue homogenates. Messenger RNA and activity of the enzyme were detected in both the SC and OM fat depots, the two measures being significantly higher in the SC compartment. Women characterized by a visceral adipose tissue area greater than or equal to 100 cm2 had an increased 20a-HSD conversion rate in their omental adipose tissue compared to women without visceral obesity (13.99+-2.07 vs. 7.92+-0.83 fmol/ug protein/24h, p<0.05). Accordingly, a positive correlation was found between omental adipose tissue 20a-HSD activity and computed tomography-measured visceral adipose tissue area (r=0.36, p<0.05). Significant positive correlations were also found between omental 20a-HSD activity and omental adipocyte diameter (r=0.49, p<0.05) and omental adipose tissue LPL activity (r=0.36, p=0.06). In conclusion, 20a-HSD activity and mRNA were detected in SC and OM adipose tissue in women, and omental 20a-hydroxylation of progesterone was highest in women with visceral obesity. Further studies are required to establish whether local conversion of progesterone may impact on the metabolism and function of adipocytes located within the abdominal cavity

Effects of the traditional Mediterranean diet on adiponectin and leptin concentrations in men and premenopausal women : do sex differences exist?

Background/Objectives: Most of the interventional studies have investigated the impact of the diet on adiponectin and leptin concentrations only in men or in women. Consequently, it is still unknown whether the consumption of a healthy diet influences in a sex-specific manner these adipocytokines. We examined sex differences in the effects of the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) on adiponectin and leptin concentrations, and determined whether changes in these adipocytokines are associated with changes in cardiovascular risk factors in both sexes. Subjects/Methods: Participants were 38 men and 32 premenopausal women (24–53 years) with slightly elevated low-density lipoprotein cholestrol concentrations (3.4–4.9¿mmol/l) or total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholestrol (HDL-C)greater than or equal to5.0. Adiponectin, leptin and cardiovascular risk factors were measured before and after a 4-week fully controlled isoenergetic MedDiet. Results: Adiponectin concentration decreased in response to the MedDiet, but this decrease reached statistical significance only in men (P<0.001 for men and P=0.260 for women; sex-by-time interaction, P=0.072). Adjustments for body weight or waist circumference did not change results obtained. Changes in adiponectin were positively associated with concomitant variations in HDL-C in men (r=0.52, P=0.003) and with variations in apolipoprotein A-1 and insulin sensitivity as calculated by both the homeostasis model assessment index for insulin sensitivity and Cederholm indices in women (respectively, r=0.44, P=0.021; r=0.79, P<0.001 and r=0.47, P=0.020). The MedDiet had no impact on leptin and the leptin-to-adiponectin ratio in both sexes. Conclusions: Results suggest a sex difference in adiponectin response to the short-term consumption of the MedDiet, with only men experiencing a decrease. Also sex-specific patterns of associations between changes in adiponectin concentration and changes in cardiovascular risk factors were observed