Physical and rehabilitation medicine (PRM) care pathways: Adults with severe traumatic brain injury

AbstractThis document is part of a series of guidelines documents designed by the French Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Society (SOFMER) and the French Federation of PRM (FEDMER). These reference documents focus on a particular pathology (here patients with severe TBI). They describe for each given pathology patients’ clinical and social needs, PRM care objectives and necessary human and material resources of the pathology-dedicated pathway. ‘Care pathways in PRM’ is therefore a short document designed to enable readers (physician, decision-maker, administrator, lawyer, finance manager) to have a global understanding of available therapeutic care structures, organization and economic needs for patients’ optimal care and follow-up. After a severe traumatic brain injury, patients might be divided into three categories according to impairment's severity, to early outcomes in the intensive care unit and to functional prognosis. Each category is considered in line with six identical parameters used in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (World Health Organization), focusing thereafter on personal and environmental factors liable to affect the patients’ needs

The Kahnweiler Sequestration Sales, 1921-1923 : elements for a Material History of Cubism

Les quatre ventes aux enchères du stock de la galerie Kahnweiler (séquestré comme bien ennemi lors de la Première Guerre mondiale) entre juin 1921 et mai 1923, impactèrent fortement le marché de l’art moderne en général et celui de l’art cubiste en particulier. Jusque-là connues pour avoir brisé le marché de l’art cubiste émergeant, elles furent en réalité un formidable moyen de diffusion de ce mouvement révolutionnaire. La consultation d’archives inédites a permis de déconstruire un certain nombre d’idées reçues autour de ces ventes et a montré que cet évènement intéressa tous les acteurs du milieu de l’art moderne dans les années 1920. La modicité des prix permit à certains d’acquérir des œuvres qu’ils n’auraient jamais pu s’offrir auparavant, par pur esprit de spéculation alors que d’autres, les réels amateurs, en profitèrent pour constituer de véritables collections dont certaines sont toujours intactes et visibles dans les plus grands musées d’art moderne. L’identification de plusieurs centaines d’œuvres cubistes de Georges Braque, Pablo Picasso, Fernand Léger et Juan Gris a mis en lumière la circulation exponentielle de ces œuvres à partir des ventes Kahnweiler sur la scène internationale. La reconstitution des ventes Kahnweiler est également une étude inédite sur les séquestres de biens ennemis allemands et autrichiens par l’État français pendant la Première Guerre Mondiale qui démontre comment dans ce cas particulier, le climat nationaliste extrêmement violent en France au sortir de la guerre entrava des négociations qui auraient été bénéfiques non seulement pour Kahnweiler mais surtout pour ses artistes et pour les finances de l’administration française.During the First World War, the stock of Paris’s Kahnweiler Gallery was sequestered by the French government as enemy property and sold off in four auctions between June 1921 and May 1923. These auctions had a deep impact on the modern art market in general and that of cubist art in particular. Until now, the Kahnweiler sequestration sales were thought to have crashed the emerging market for cubism, when, in fact, they played a vital role in diffusing key works and knowledge of this revolutionary art movement. Newly available archival sources illuminate how this happened and deconstruct certain misconceptions about the impact of these auctions on collectors and dealers throughout the 1920s. The low prices assigned to Kahnweiler’s stock enabled speculators to acquire works that had been previously out of reach, while giving the real connoisseurs of cubism and opportunity to build comprehensive collections, some of which are still intact and visible in the world’s foremost museums of modern art. The extraordinary distribution of cubist art from these auctions on the international scene is highlighted by the identification of hundreds of works by Georges Braque, Pablo Picasso, Fernand Léger and Juan Gris. The reconstitution of the Kahnweiler sales is an unprecedented study on the sequestration of German and Austrian enemy property by the French State during the First World War and shows how in this particular case, the extremely violent nationalist climate in France at the end of the war hampered negotiations which could have been beneficial not only for Kahnweiler but above all for his artists and for the French administration’s finances

Modulation of the Activity and Regioselectivity of a Glycosidase: Development of a Convenient Tool for the Synthesis of Specific Disaccharides

International audienceThe synthesis of disaccharides, particularly those containing hexofuranoside rings, requires a large number of steps by classical chemical means. The use of glycosidases can be an alternative to limit the number of steps, as they catalyze the formation of controlled glycosidic bonds starting from simple and easy to access building blocks; the main drawbacks are the yields, due to the balance between the hydrolysis and transglycosylation of these enzymes, and the enzyme-dependent regioselectivity. To improve the yield of the synthesis of β-d-galactofuranosyl-(1→X)-d-mannopyranosides catalyzed by an arabinofuranosidase, in this study we developed a strategy to mutate, then screen the catalyst, followed by a tailored molecular modeling methodology to rationalize the effects of the identified mutations. Two mutants with a 2.3 to 3.8-fold increase in transglycosylation yield were obtained, and in addition their accumulated regioisomer kinetic profiles were very different from the wild-type enzyme. Those differences were studied in silico by docking and molecular dynamics, and the methodology revealed a good predictive quality in regards with the regioisomer profiles, which is in good agreement with the experimental transglycosylation kinetics. So, by engineering CtAraf51, new biocatalysts were enabled to obtain the attractive central motif from the Leishmania lipophosphoglycan core with a higher yield and regioselectivity

Incorporation of aza-beta 3-amino acid into 26RFa(20-26), the endogenous ligand of GPR103: Structural Analysis.

PosterInternational audienc

Improvement of the versatility of an arabinofuranosidase against galactofuranose for the synthesis of galactofuranoconjugates

International audienceGalactofuranoconjugates are rare compounds with interesting biological properties. Their syntheses by traditional approaches are however tedious. Glycosidases are nowadays often used to simplify such syntheses but the use of galactofuranosidase has not been described yet for the synthesis of galactofuranoconjugates. Interestingly CtAraf51, an α-l-arabinofuranosidase from Ruminiclostridium thermocellum, is able to use aryl- or alkyl-β-d-galactofuranosides as the substrate but with very low efficiency. To allow its use as a synthesis tool, we decided to improve the efficiency of this enzyme toward these non-natural substrates. First, we identified three residues that can contribute to unfavorable interactions with the p-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactofuranoside. After mutagenesis, two mutants have shown a catalytic efficiency four- and threefold higher than that of the wild type, respectively. These two mutants were then evaluated in the transglycosylation reaction using ethanol as a model acceptor substrate. Under these conditions one mutant was much more efficient 50% conversion was reached ten times faster than with the WT. Finally both mutants were converted into thioglycoligases in the thioligation reaction, the reaction was two times faster than with the E173A single mutant, and in the acylation reaction a fourfold increase in the initial velocity was found. The synthetic potential of the resulting mutants to synthesize various O-, S- and acyl galactofuranoconjugates was further evaluated and yields up to 82% were obtained for the synthesis of ethyl- or thiophenyl galactofuranosides and methoxybenzoic galactofuranose

Incorporation of aza-beta 3-amino acid into 26RFa(20-26), the endogenous ligand of GPR103: Structural Analysis.

PosterInternational audienc

Regioselective Galactofuranosylation for the Synthesis of Disaccharide Patterns Found in Pathogenic Microorganisms

International audienceKoenigs-Knorr glycosylation of acceptors with more than one free hydroxyl group by 2,3,5,6-tetrabenzoyl galactofuranosyl bromide was performed using diphenylborinic acid 2-aminoethyl ester (DPBA) as inducer of regioselectivity. High regioselectivity for the glycosylation on the equatorial hydroxyl group of the acceptor was obtained thanks to the transient formation of a borinate adduct of the corresponding 1,2-cis diol. Nevertheless formation of orthoester byproducts hampered the efficiency of the method. Interestingly electron-withdrawing groups on O-6 or on C-1 of the acceptor displaced the reaction in favor of the desired galactofuranosyl containing disaccharide. The best yield was obtained for the furanosylation of p-nitrophenyl 6-O-acetyl mannopyranoside. Precursors of other disaccharides, found in the glycocalix of some pathogens, were synthesized according to the same protocol with yields ranging from 45 to 86%. This is a good alternative for the synthesis of biologically relevant glycoconjugates