Sustainability of Landscape and Changes of Site-Use Type which Supports Urban Greenery Space

本研究は, 東京都港区芝・麻布地区を対象として, 幕末から現在までの緑景観の継承過程について, 敷地利用形態から時系列的に明らかにすることを通じて, 現代へ緑景観を継承させてきた社会的な要因について考察することを目的に実施した.ここで, 緑景観とは, 樹木を主体とする都市内の環境資源と景観要素としての性格を合わせ持つ社会的概念を表す言葉として定義する.その結果, 敷地利用形態の度重なる変更にも拘わらず緑景観は継承され, 典型的な5つの継承過程のタイプの存在が確認された.そこでは, 敷地利用上の規範-土地資源としての緑とオープンスペースに立脚した敷地利用-が継続され, そうした敷地利用そのものを誘導, 補完する手段としての地域制緑地制度の効果が推察された.The purpose of this study is to give the fundamental consideration to the analyzing of social factors that caused to success to green-scape, through clarifying the changing process of site-use type supported the green-scape from last stage of Edo era to present at Shiba-Azabu district of Minato ward in Tokyo metropolis. Here, the green-scape is difinited as the social concept which have both meanings of environmental resources and landscape element in the city. As the result, it was confirmed that green-scape have been succeeded in spite of some changes of site-use and there were five typical types of succession process of green-scape. And it was considerated that a standard of land-use have been succeeded; procces whchi turns greenery space and open space as land resources into land property, and greenery zoning system have functioned effectively as the minor method which leads site-uses supported the green-scape

PETREL for Astrophysics and Carbon Business

A multi-purpose 50kg class microsatellite hosting astrophysical mission and earth remote sensing, PETREL , will be launched in 2023. In the night side, PETREL observe the ultra-violet sky with a wide-field telescope covering 50 deg^2 for surveying transient objects related to supernovae, tidal disruption events, and gravitational wave events. Our UV telescope can detect the early phase UV emission from a neutron star merger occurred within 150 Mpc. In addition to the satellite observation, PETREL sends a detection alert including the coordinate and brightness of the UV transient to the ground via the real time communication network within several minutes after detection to conduct follow-up observations with the collaborating ground based observatories over the world. In the day side, PETREL observes the surface of the earth by using the tunable multi-spectral cameras and a ultra-compact hyperspectral camera. Our potential targets are the tropical forests (Green Carbon) and coastal zones (Blue Carbon) in the tropical areas to evaluating the global biological carbon strages. For this purpose PETREL will conduct multiple scale mapping collaborating with drones and small aircraft not only satellite. The obtained data will be used for academical research and for business applications. The technical difficulty of this satellite is that carries out multi-purpose with different requirements, such as astronomical observations which requires a quite high attitude stability and the earth observations requiring a high pointing accuracy, with limited resources. If it is possible, a novel small satellite system or a business style can be realized that can share the payload with academia and industry. PETREL has been adopted as Innovative Satellite Technology Demonstration Program No.3 led by JAXA, and development is underway with the aim of launching in FY2023

Modular head-mounted cortical imaging device for chronic monitoring of intrinsic signals in mice

Significance: Intrinsic optical signals (IOS) generated in the cortical tissue as a result of various interacting metabolic processes are used extensively to elucidate the underlying mechanisms that govern neurovascular coupling. However, current IOS measurements still often rely on bulky, tabletop imaging systems, and there remains a dearth of studies in freely moving subjects. Lightweight, miniature head-mounted imaging devices provide unique opportunities for investigating cortical dynamics in small animals under a variety of naturalistic behavioral settings. Aim: The aim of this work was to monitor IOS in the somatosensory cortex of wild-type mice by developing a lightweight, biocompatible imaging device that readily lends itself to animal experiments in freely moving conditions. Approach: Herein we describe a method for realizing long-term IOS imaging in mice using a 0.54-g, compact, CMOS-based, head-mounted imager. The two-part module, consisting of a tethered sensor plate and a base plate, allows facile assembly prior to imaging sessions and disassembly when the sensor is not in use. LEDs integrated into the device were chosen to illuminate the cortical mantle at two different wavelengths in the visible regime (λcenter: 535 and 625 nm) for monitoring volume- and oxygenation state-dependent changes in the IOS, respectively. To test whether the system can detect robust cortical responses, we recorded sensory-evoked IOS from mechanical stimulation of the hindlimbs (HL) of anesthetized mice in both acute and long-term implantation conditions. Results: Cortical IOS recordings in the primary somatosensory cortex hindlimb receptive field (S1HL) of anesthetized mice under green and red LED illumination revealed robust, multiphasic profiles that were time-locked to the mechanical stimulation of the contralateral plantar hindpaw. Similar intrinsic signal profiles observed in S1HL at 40 days postimplantation demonstrated the viability of the approach for long-term imaging. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the brain tissue did not exhibit appreciable immune response due to the device implantation and operation. A proof-of-principle imaging session in a freely behaving mouse showed minimal locomotor impediment for the animal and also enabled estimation of blood flow speed. Conclusions: We demonstrate the utility of a miniature cortical imaging device for monitoring IOS and related hemodynamic processes in both anesthetized and freely moving mice, cueing potential for applications to some neuroscientific studies of sensation and naturalistic behavior