Association between Antibodies to the MR 67,000 Isoform of Glutamate Decarboxylase (GAD) and Type 1 (Insulin-Dependent) Diabetes Mellitus with Coexisting Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type II

By using an immunoprecipitation assay, we analysed reactivity of autoantibodies to human recombinant GAD65 and GAD67 in sera from patients with autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome Type II (APS II) with and without Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (IDDM) compared to patients with organ-specific autoimmunity. Overall antibodies to GAD65 were correlated with IDDM in all study groups, whereas GAD67 antibodies were associated with IDDM when APS II coexists. Antibodies to GAD65 and GAD67 were detected in 13 (44.8%) and 7 (24.1%) out of 29 APS II patients with IDDM, but in only 4 (13.8%) and 2 (6.9%) out of 29 APS II patients without IDDM, respectively (p < 0.05). In short-standing IDDM (< 1 year), antibodies to GAD67 were significantly more frequent in patients with APS II (5 of 9 [55.6%] subjects) compared to matched diabetic patients without coexisting polyendocrinopathy (1 of 18 [5.6%] subjects) (p < 0.02). The levels of GAD65 (142 ± 90 AU) and GAD67 antibodies (178 ± 95 AU) were significantly higher in patients with polyglandular disease than in patients with isolated IDDM (91 ± 85 AU and 93 ± 57 AU) (p < 0.02). Interestingly, all 11 GAD67 antibody positive subjects also had GAD65 antibodies (p < 0.0001), and in 10 of 11 anti-GAD67 positive sera the GAD67 antibodies could be blocked by either GAD67 or GAD65, suggesting the presence of cross-reactive autoantibodies. No correlation was observed between GAD antibodies and age, sex or any particular associated autoimmune disease, besides IDDM. GAD antibodies were present in only 1 of 6 (16.7%) patients with APS Type I, in 1 of 26 (3.9%) patients with autoimmune thyroid disease but in none of the patients with Addison's disease (n = 16), pernicious anaemia (n = 7) or normal controls (n = 50). Our data suggest distinct antibody specificities reactive to GAD isoforms in APS II and IDDM, which might reflect different mechanisms of autoimmune response in IDDM with coexisting autoimmune polyendocrine autoimmunity

The opposite of Dante's hell? The transfer of ideas for social housing at international congresses in the 1850s–1860s

With the advent of industrialization, the question of developing adequate housing for the emergent working classes became more pressing than before. Moreover, the problem of unhygienic houses in industrial cities did not stop at the borders of a particular nation-state; sometimes literally as pandemic diseases spread out 'transnationally'. It is not a coincidence that in the nineteenth century the number of international congresses on hygiene and social topics expanded substantially. However, the historiography about social policy in general and social housing in particular, has often focused on individual cases because of the different pace of industrial and urban development and is thus dominated by national perspectives. In this paper, I elaborate on transnational exchange processes and local adaptations and transformations. I focus on the transfer of the housing model of SOMCO in Mulhouse, (a French house building association) during social international congresses. I examine whether cross-national networking enabled and facilitated the implementation of ideas on the local scale. I will elaborate on the transmission and the local adaptation of the Mulhouse-model in Belgium. Convergences, divergences, and different factors that influenced the local transformations (personal choice, political situation, socioeconomic circumstances) will be taken into accoun

B806: Performance Evaluations of Potato Clones and Varieties in the Northeastern States 1984

Cooperative potato clone and variety trials were conducted at 32 locations to determine field performance of selected clones and varieties grown under soil, climatic, and cultural management common to the potato growing areas of 12 cooperating states and the Province of New Brunswick, Canada. A few locations also evaluated storage and processing behavior of selected clones and varieties. These tests are contributions to Regional Project NE107 entitled, Breeding and Evaluation of New Potato Clones for the Northeast. The primary objective of this project is to determine clone performance and stability over a wide range of soil, climate, and cultural conditions.https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/aes_bulletin/1117/thumbnail.jp

B801: Performance Evaluations of Potato Clones and Varieties in the Northeastern States 1983

Cooperative potato clone and variety trials were conducted at 23 locations to determine field, storage, and processing behavior of selected clones and varieties grown under soil, climatic, and cultural management common to the potato growing areas of 13 cooperating states and the Province of New Brunswick, Canada. These tests are all contributions to Regional Project NE107 entitled, Breeding and Evaluation of New Potato Clones for the Northeast. The primary objective of this project is to determine clone stability over a wide range of soil, climate, and cultural conditions.https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/aes_bulletin/1119/thumbnail.jp

B814: Performance Evaluations of Potato Clones and Varieties in the Northeastern States - 1985

New potato clones and varieties must be tested against commercially accepted cultivars to determine If they possess advantages over existing varieties. Possible Improvements over the existing varieties could Include greater disease resistance or tolerance, higher yield, more uniform tuber size distribution, Improved storagability, good processing characteristics, etc. Often new cultivars are sought to fill local special-purpose needs. The cooperative potato variety trials reported In this bulletin were conducted to provide Information on the performance, adaptation, and performance stability of new potato clones under a wide range of geographic, climatic, soil, and cultural conditions. These tests are contributions to Regional Project NE-107 entitled, Breeding and Evaluation of New Potato Clones for the Northeast. The objectives of this regional project are: 1). To develop high quality, widely adapted, productive, pest resistant potato varieties for use In the northeast; 2). To determine regional performance, quality, and storage characteristics for promising potato clones and new varieties; 3). To evaluate promising clones and varieties for special-purpose needs such as pest outbreaks, processing, export, specialized market opportunities and/or production situations; 4). To develop management practices such as plant population, fertilizer rate, disease, weed, and Insect control strategies that will I Improve the yield and/or quality of promising clones. Data presented In this report primarily address objectives 2 and 3.https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/aes_bulletin/1118/thumbnail.jp

GLOBAL ASYMPTOTIC STABILIZATION OF THE SPINNING TOP

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/57818/1/WanOCAMTop1995.pd

Interactive models of communication at the nanoscale using nanoparticles that talk to one another

[EN] 'Communication' between abiotic nanoscale chemical systems is an almost-unexplored field with enormous potential. Here we show the design and preparation of a chemical communication system based on enzyme-powered Janus nanoparticles, which mimics an interactive model of communication. Cargo delivery from one nanoparticle is governed by the biunivocal communication with another nanoparticle, which involves two enzymatic processes and the interchange of chemical messengers. The conceptual idea of establishing communication between nanodevices opens the opportunity to develop complex nanoscale systems capable of sharing information and cooperating.A. L.-L. is grateful to 'La Caixa' Banking Foundation for his PhD fellowship. We wish to thank the Spanish Government (MINECO Projects MAT2015-64139-C4-1, CTQ2014-58989-P and CTQ2015-71936-REDT and AGL2015-70235-C2-2-R) and the Generalitat Valenciana (Project PROMETEOII/2014/047) for support. The Comunidad de Madrid (S2013/MIT-3029, Programme NANOAVANSENS) is also gratefully acknowledged.Llopis-Lorente, A.; Díez, P.; Sánchez, A.; Marcos Martínez, MD.; Sancenón Galarza, F.; Martínez-Ruiz, P.; Villalonga, R.... (2017). Interactive models of communication at the nanoscale using nanoparticles that talk to one another. Nature Communications. 8:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15511S178Tseng, R., Huang, J., Ouyang, J., Kaner, R. & Yang, Y. Polyaniline nanofiber/gold nanoparticle nonvolatile memory. Nano Lett. 5, 1077–1080 (2005).Liu, R. & Sen, A. Autonomous nanomotor based on copper-platinum segmented nanobattery. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 20064–20067 (2011).Valov, I. et al. Nanobatteries in redox-based resistive switches require extension of memristor theory. Nat. Commun. 4, 1771 (2013).Tarn, D. et al. Mesoporous silica nanoparticle nanocarriers: biofunctionality and biocompatibility. Acc. Chem. Res. 46, 792–801 (2013).Kline, T. & Paxton, W. Catalytic nanomotors: remote-controlled autonomous movement of striped metallic nanorods. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 117, 754–756 (2005).Akyildiz, I. F., Brunetti, F. & Blázquez, C. Nanonetworks: a new communication paradigm. Comput. Netw. 52, 2260–2279 (2008).Suda, T., Moore, M., Nakano, T., Egashira, R. & Enomoto, A. Exploratory research on molecular communication between nanomachines. Nat. Comput. 25, 1–30 (2005).Malak, D. & Akan, O. B. Molecular communication nanonetworks inside human body. Nano Commun. Netw. 3, 19–35 (2012).Akyildiz, I. F., Jornet, J. M. & Pierobon, M. Nanonetworks: a new frontier in communications. Commun. ACM 54, 84–89 (2011).Nakano, T., Moore, M. J., Wei, F., Vasilakos, A. V. & Shuai, J. Molecular communication and networking: opportunities and challenges. IEEE Trans. Nanobiosci. 11, 135–148 (2012).Waters, C. M. & Bassler, B. L. Quorum sensing: cell-to-cell communication in bacteria. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 21, 319–346 (2005).Dickschat, J. S. Quorum sensing and bacterial biofilms. Nat. Prod. Rep. 27, 343–369 (2010).Kerényi, Á., Bihary, D., Venturi, V. & Pongor, S. Stability of multispecies bacterial communities: signaling networks may stabilize microbiomes. PLoS ONE 8, e57947 (2013).Gotti, C. & Clementi, F. Neuronal nicotinic receptors: from structure to pathology. Prog. Neurobiol. 74, 363–396 (2004).Betke, K. M., Wells, C. A. & Hamm, H. E. GPCR mediated regulation of synaptic transmission. Prog. Neurobiol. 96, 304–321 (2012).Qian, L., Winfree, E. & Bruck, J. Neural network computation with DNA strand displacement cascades. Nature 475, 368–372 (2011).Benenson, Y. Biomolecular computing systems: principles, progress and potential. Nat. Rev. Genet. 13, 455–468 (2012).Ball, P. Chemistry meets computing. Nature 406, 118–120 (2000).de Silva, A. P. & McClenaghan, N. D. Molecular-Scale Logic Gates. Chem. Eur. J. 10, 574–586 (2004).Condon, A. Automata make antisense. Nature 429, 351–352 (2004).Seelig, G., Soloveichik, D., Zhang, D. Y. & Winfree, E. Enzyme-free nucleic acid logic circuits. Science 314, 1585–1588 (2006).Douglas, S. M., Bachelet, I. & Church, G. M. A logic-gated nanorobot for targeted transport of molecular payloads. Science 335, 831–834 (2012).Angelos, S., Yang, Y. W., Khashab, N. M., Stoddart, J. F. & Zink, J. I. Dual-controlled nanoparticles exhibiting AND logic. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 11344–11346 (2009).Liu, H. et al. Dual-responsive surfaces modified with phenylboronic acid-containing polymer brush to reversibly capture and release cancer cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 7603–7609 (2013).Lee, J. W. & Klajn, R. Dual-responsive nanoparticles that aggregate under the simultaneous action of light and CO2 . Chem. Commun. 51, 2036–2039 (2015).Liu, D. et al. Resettable, multi-readout logic gates based on controllably reversible aggregation of gold nanoparticles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50, 4103–4107 (2011).Chitode, J. S. Communication Theory Technical Publications (2010).Wood, J. T. Communication in Our Lives Wadsworth (2009).Guardado-Alvarez, T. M., Sudha Devi, L., Russell, M. M., Schwartz, B. J. & Zink, J. I. Activation of snap-top capped mesoporous silica nanocontainers using two near-infrared photons. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 14000–14003 (2013).Baeza, A., Guisasola, E., Ruiz-Hernández, E. & Vallet-Regí, M. Magnetically triggered multidrug release by hybrid mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Chem. Mater. 24, 517–524 (2012).Zhang, Z. et al. Biocatalytic release of an anticancer drug from nucleic-acids-capped mesoporous SiO2 using DNA or molecular biomarkers as triggering stimuli. ACS Nano 7, 8455–8468 (2013).Tang, F., Li, L. & Chen, D. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles: synthesis, biocompatibility and drug delivery. Adv. Mater. 24, 1504–1534 (2012).Li, Z., Barnes, J. C., Bosoy, A., Stoddart, J. F. & Zink, J. I. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles in biomedical applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 41, 2590–2605 (2012).Coll, C., Bernardos, A., Martínez-Máñez, R. & Sancenón, F. Gated silica mesoporous supports for controlled release and signaling applications. Acc. Chem. Res. 46, 339–349 (2013).Aznar, E. et al. Gated materials for on-command release of guest molecules. Chem. Rev. 116, 561–718 (2016).Díez, P. et al. Toward the design of smart delivery systems controlled by integrated enzyme-based biocomputing ensembles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 9116–9123 (2014).Villalonga, R. et al. Enzyme-controlled sensing-actuating nanomachine based on Janus Au-mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Chem. Eur. J. 19, 7889–7894 (2013).Jerez, G., Kaufman, G., Prystai, M., Schenkeveld, S. & Donkor, K. K. Determination of thermodynamic pKa values of benzimidazole and benzimidazole derivatives by capillary electrophoresis. J. Sep. Sci. 32, 1087–1095 (2009).Sheffner, A. L. The reduction in vitro in viscosity of mucoprotein solutions by a new mucolytic agent, N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 106, 298–310 (1963).Turkevich, J., Stevenson, P. C. & Hillier, J. A study of the nucleation and growth processes in the synthesis of colloidal gold. Discuss. Faraday Soc. 11, 55–75 (1951).Frens, G. Controlled Nucleation for the Regulation of the Particle Size in Monodisperse Gold Suspensions. Nature 241, 20–22 (1973).Yousef, F. O., Zughul, M. B. & Badwan, A. A. The modes of complexation of benzimidazole with aqueous β-cyclodextrin explored by phase solubility, potentiometric titration, 1H-NMR and molecular modeling studies. J. Incl. Phenom. Macrocycl. Chem. 57, 519–523 (2007).Sánchez, A., Díez, P., Martínez-Ruíz, P., Villalonga, R. & Pingarrón, J. M. Janus Au-mesoporous silica nanoparticles as electrochemical biorecognition-signaling system. Electrochem. Commun. 30, 51–54 (2013).Akyildiz, I. F., Pierobon, M., Balasubramaniam, S. & Koucheryavy, Y. The internet of Bio-Nano things. IEEE Commun. Mag. 53, 32–40 (2015).Sancenón, F., Pascual, L., Oroval, M., Aznar, E. & Martínez-Máñez, R. Gated silica mesoporous materials in sensing applications. ChemistryOpen 4, 418–437 (2015).Akyildiz, I. & Jornet, J. The Internet of nano-things. IEEE Wirel. Commun. 17, 58–63 (2010).Giménez, C. et al. Towards chemical communication between gated nanoparticles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53, 12629–12633 (2014).Davis, B. G., Lloyd, R. C. & Jones, J. B. Controlled site-selective glycosylation of proteins by a combined site-directed mutagenesis and chemical modification approach. J. Org. Chem. 63, 9614–9615 (1998)

The ice-nucleating activity of African mineral dust in the Caribbean boundary layer

African mineral dust is transported many thousands of kilometres from its source regions, and, because of its ability to nucleate ice, it plays a major role in cloud glaciation around the globe. The ice-nucleating activity of desert dust is influenced by its mineralogy, which varies substantially between source regions and across particle sizes. However, in models it is often assumed that the activity (expressed as active sites per unit surface area as a function of temperature) of atmospheric mineral dust is the same everywhere on the globe. Here, we find that the ice-nucleating activity of African desert dust sampled in the summertime marine boundary layer of Barbados (July and August 2017) is substantially lower than parameterizations based on soil from specific locations in the Sahara or dust sedimented from dust storms. We conclude that the activity of dust in Barbados' boundary layer is primarily defined by the low K-feldspar content of the dust, which is around 1 %. We propose that the dust we sampled in the Caribbean was from a region in western Africa (in and around the Sahel in Mauritania and Mali), which has a much lower feldspar content than other African sources across the Sahara and Sahel.</p

Fatigue in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is associated with lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines: a validation study

Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) is a chronic autoimmune rheumatic disease with symptoms including dryness, fatigue, and pain. The previous work by our group has suggested that certain proinflammatory cytokines are inversely related to patient-reported levels of fatigue. To date, these findings have not been validated. This study aims to validate this observation. Blood levels of seven cytokines were measured in 120 patients with pSS from the United Kingdom Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome Registry and 30 age-matched healthy non-fatigued controls. Patient-reported scores for fatigue were classified according to severity and compared to cytokine levels using analysis of variance. The differences between cytokines in cases and controls were evaluated using Wilcoxon test. A logistic regression model was used to determine the most important identifiers of fatigue. Five cytokines, interferon-γ-induced protein-10 (IP-10), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interferon-α (IFNα), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and lymphotoxin-α (LT-α) were significantly higher in patients with pSS (n = 120) compared to non-fatigued controls (n = 30). Levels of two proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-α (p = 0.021) and LT-α (p = 0.043), were inversely related to patient-reported levels of fatigue. Cytokine levels, disease-specific and clinical parameters as well as pain, anxiety, and depression were used as predictors in our validation model. The model correctly identifies fatigue levels with 85% accuracy. Consistent with the original study, pain, depression, and proinflammatory cytokines appear to be the most powerful predictors of fatigue in pSS. TNF-α and LT-α have an inverse relationship with fatigue severity in pSS challenging the notion that proinflammatory cytokines directly mediate fatigue in chronic immunological conditions

The ice-nucleating activity of African mineral dust in the Caribbean boundary layer

African mineral dust is transported many thousands of kilometres from its source regions, and, because of its ability to nucleate ice, it plays a major role in cloud glaciation around the globe. The ice-nucleating activity of desert dust is influenced by its mineralogy, which varies substantially between source regions and across particle sizes. However, in models it is often assumed that the activity (expressed as active sites per unit surface area as a function of temperature) of atmospheric mineral dust is the same everywhere on the globe. Here, we find that the ice-nucleating activity of African desert dust sampled in the summertime marine boundary layer of Barbados (July and August 2017) is substantially lower than parameterizations based on soil from specific locations in the Sahara or dust sedimented from dust storms. We conclude that the activity of dust in Barbados' boundary layer is primarily defined by the low K-feldspar content of the dust, which is around 1 %. We propose that the dust we sampled in the Caribbean was from a region in western Africa (in and around the Sahel in Mauritania and Mali), which has a much lower feldspar content than other African sources across the Sahara and Sahel