Effect of antibacterial agents on the surface hardness of a conventional glass-ionomer cement

In atraumatic restorative treatment (ART), caries removal with hand excavation instruments is not as efficient as that with rotary burs in eliminating bacteria under the glass ionomer cements (GICs). Thus, different antibacterial agents have been used in recent studies to enhance the antibacterial properties of the GICs, without jeopardizing their basic physical properties. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of antibacterial agents on the surface hardness of a conventional GIC (Fuji IX) using Vickers microhardness [Vickers hardness number (VHN)] test. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cetrimide (CT), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and chlorhexidine (CHX) were added to the powder and benzalkonium chloride (BC) was added to the liquid of Fuji IX in concentrations of 1% and 2%, and served as the experimental groups. A control group containing no additive was also prepared. After the completion of setting reaction, VHN measurements were recorded at 1, 7, 15, 30, 60, and 90 days after storage in 37°C distilled water. A one-way ANOVA was performed followed by a Dunnett t test and Tamhane T2 tests and also repeated measurements ANOVA was used for multiple comparisons in 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: VHN results showed significant differences between the control and the experimental groups at all time periods (

Retrospective evaluation of patients admitted to Karadeniz Technical University Pediatric Dentistry clinic due to trauma

Purpose Traumatic dental injuries are among the commonly observed problems in the primary and permanent teeth. The rate of prevalence of dental trauma varies globally. In this study, we investigated the type of dental trauma, related factors, and treatment procedures in children. Subjects and Methods During a 5-year period (January 2011–January 2016), 416 children aged in the range of 1–15 years were admitted to our clinic with dental trauma. The cause and type of the dental trauma in the primary and permanent teeth and their relation with gender and age were evaluated using the chi-square test, and their distribution by age was evaluated using regression analysis. Results Overall, girls and boys comprised 37% and 63% of the study population, respectively. The mean age was 8.5 years. Falls (61.1%) were the most common cause of traumatic dental injuries, and enamel–dentin fracture (26%) was the most common dental trauma type. Conclusions Traumatic dental injuries in children are common. A large proportion of patients without any clinical symptoms (15.8%) did not seek any treatment after the trauma. Teachers, parents, and children should be informed about the action to be taken when dental trauma occurs and about the importance of immediately taking the child to a dentist after the trauma to ensure an accurate diagnosis, an optimal treatment plan, and positive outcome

Release of antimicrobial compounds from a zinc oxide-chelate cement

This study examined the release of cetylpyridinium chloride and benzalkonium chloride from fatty acid chelate temporary dental cement and their antimicrobial effects. The cement was Cavex Temporary, and either cetylpyridinium chloride or benzalkonium chloride was added (1% or 5% by mass), incorporating into the base paste. Release of the additives was determined by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Possible chemical interactions between the cement components and additives were examined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Antimicrobial effects were assessed by measuring the zone of inhibition around sample discs after 24 h in a Streptococcus mutans culture. FTIR spectroscopy showed no interaction with cement components. For both additives, release was by diffusion for approximately the first 6 hours, with equilibration after about 2 weeks. Diffusion coefficients were 1.76 m2 s½ to 8.05 × 10−12 m2 s½ and total release was 10.3 to 44.7% of additive loading. Zones of inhibition with additive were significantly larger than those for control discs. In conclusion, the antimicrobial properties of Cavex temporary cement are improved by the addition of the antimicrobial compounds cetylpyridium chloride and benzalkonium chloride, which are released by a diffusion process

Traumatic Dental Injuries Occurred in Primary Teeth and their Sequel Effects on the Developmental Permanent Successors: A Controlled Study

Objective: To examine the types of traumatic dental injuries of the primary teeth (TDI-p) and the long-term sequelae on permanent dentition (LSP) comparing with a control group (CG). In addition, a questionnaire that measures parents' knowledge and awareness was used. Material and Methods: The trauma group (TG) consisted of permanent teeth following TDI-p exposed teeth, while the CG consisted of permanent teeth following unexposed teeth with TDI-p of the same patients. In total, 141 teeth were evaluated in 27 patients. Data concerning such as teeth, when TDI-p occurred, types of treatments and types of LSP were collected. Chi-square test was used for intergroup comparison for gender, type of trauma, LSP, age of trauma and parameters in the parental information questionnaire. Significance level was p<0.05. Results: A statistically significant difference was found in the analysis between TG and CG (p<0.001). The prevalence of LSP due to TDI-p was 29.6% and the prevalence of sequelae in CG was 7.4%. The most common LSP was enamel hypoplasia (14.8%). Parents were aware of the importance of TDI-p, and they had insufficient knowledge about its management. Conclusion: TDI-p can be considered a high-risk factor in the development of LSP. Also, the lack of knowledge in parents should be supported by software-based application systems to be developed

Comparative Analysis of Manual, Rotary and Reciprocal Systems on Primary Teeth Root Canals: An In Vitro Scanning Electron Microscopy Study

Objective: To evaluate the residual debris and smear layer formation, and also preparation time of one or multifile manual, rotary, and reciprocal systems on primary teeth. Materials and methods: A total of 75 primary mandibular molar teeth were randomly divided to five groups (n=15). The distal canals of teeth were shaped with each of the K file, Protaper, Twisted File, OneShape, and Reciproc systems. Preparation time was also recorded. Longitudinal sections groups were prepared and processed for observation under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at a standard magnification of X1000 for smear layer and X200 for residual debris. The presence of smear layer and residual debris was evaluated by two trained operators. The data of preparation time and also debris and smear scores were analyzed using ANOVA and the Kruskal-Wallis test, respectively.   Results: Reciproc and OneShape systems had significantly less instrumentation time than all other groups (p<0.001). The results of statistical analyses were the same for the residual debris and smear layer scores. In the coronal thirds of the canals, the canal preparation with the Protaper system resulted in significantly less debris and smear layer compared with the OneShape system (p=0.015). In the middle thirds of the canals, OneShape and Reciproc systems had more residual debris and smear layer than the Protaper system (p<0.05). In the apical thirds of the canals, the use of the Protaper instruments resulted in less debris and smear layer than the Reciproc system (p=0.034). Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, the Protaper system, which showed better cleaning efficacy and was also faster than the manual system, can be an effective alternative to other systems in the root canal treatment of primary molars. More in vitro and clinical investigations are needed on root canal treatment of primary teeth

CETRİMİDE,CETYLPYRİDİNİUM CHLORİDE,BENZALKONİUM VE CHLORHEXİDİNE İLE KOMBİNE KULLANILAN FUJİ IX\'UN FİZİKSEL ÖZELLİKLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Bu çalısmada kuaterner amonum bilesiklerinden olan Cetrimide (CT), Cetylpyridinium Chloride (CPC), Benzalkonium Chloride (BC) ve Chlorhexidine (CHX) %1 ve %2 oranlarında Fuji IX ile kombine kullanılarak fiziksel özelliklerinde meydana gelen degisiklikler Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analizi, mikro-gerilme test teknigi ve mikro-sertlik analizi ile degerlendirildi. Kuaterner amonyum bilesigi içermeyen Fuji IX kontrol, diger gruplar deney grupları olarak belirlendi. FTIR analizinde dalga sayıları 400 cm -1 &#8211; 4000 cm -1 aralıgında C = O, C=C, C-O kimyasal bagları göz önünde bulundurularak bilgisayar ortamında kaydedildi. Mikro-gerilme test teknigi islemi sırasında süt dislerine baglanma kuvveti ortalama degerleri hesaplanarak kopma tipleri açısından taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ile degerlendirildi. Mikro-sertlik analizi sırasında distile su içerinde 1,7,15,30,60 ve 90 gün süre ile bekletilen örneklerin yüzey sertlikleri degerlendirildi. FTIR analizi sonucunda kontrol grubu ile deney grupları arasında 24 saatlik sürenin sonunda C=O ve C=C kimyasal bagları açısından çok büyük farklılıklar olusmadıgı, mikro-gerilme test teknigi sonrası kontrol ve deney grupları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık meydana geldigi (p<0,05) ve en yüksek degeri kontrol grubu alacak sekilde büyükten küçüge dogru sırası ile, %1 BC içeren Fuji IX, %1 CHX içeren Fuji IX, % 2 CHX içeren Fuji IX, %1 CPC içeren Fuji IX, %2 BC içeren Fuji IX, %1 CT içeren Fuji IX, %2 CT içeren Fuji IX, %2 CPC içeren Fuji IX seklinde oldugu, Mikro-sertlik analizi sonucunda tüm zaman dönemlerinde kontrol ve deney grupları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık meydana geldigi (p<0,05) ve en yüksek degeri kontrol grubu alacak sekilde büyükten küçüge dogru sırası ile, %1 CHX içeren Fuji IX , %1 BC içeren Fuji IX , % 2 CHX içeren Fuji IX , 2 BC içeren Fuji IX , %1 CPC içeren Fuji IX , %1 CT içeren Fuji IX , %2 CT içeren Fuji IX, %2 CPC içeren Fuji IX seklinde oldugu bulgulandı. Sonuç olarak FTIR, mikro-gerilme test teknigi, mikro-sertlik gerçeklestirilen degerlendirmeler sonucunda çalısmada kullanılan kuaterner amonyum yapılı bilesiklerin degisen oranlarda Fuji IX ile birlikte kullanılabilecegi invitro kosullarda belirlendi.In this study, the changes in the physical properties of quaternary ammonium compounds such as Cetrimide (CT), Cetylpyridinium Chloride (CPC), Benzalkonium Chloride (BC) and Chlorhexidine (CHX) combined with 1% and 2% Fuji IX was evaluated with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), micro-tensile testing method and micro-hardness analysis. Fuji IX free of quaternary ammonium compounds was set as control group, while the other groups were determined as study groups. During FTIR analysis of samples, wavenumbers ranging between 400 cm -1 &#8211; 4000 cm -1 were recorded to computer by taking C = O, C=C, C-O chemical bounds into account. The mean bond strength values of primary teeth were calculated with micro-tensile testing technique. The surface hardness properties of samples stored in distilled water for 1,7,15,30,60 and 90 days were assessed by micro-hardness analysis. In FTIR analysis, substantial differences were not observed in terms of C=O and C=C chemical bounds between the control and the study groups at the end of 24 hours, where as a statistically significant difference was found between the control and the study groups with micro-tensile testing (p<0.05). The ranking of mean micro-tensile values were as follows: control group, %1 BC incorporated Fuji IX , %1 CHX incorporated Fuji IX , % 2 CHX incorporated Fuji IX , %1 CPC incorporated Fuji IX , %2 BC incorporated Fuji IX , %1 CT incorporated Fuji IX , %2 CT incorporated Fuji IX , %2 CPC incorporated Fuji IX. In addition, statistically significant differences were observed between the control and the study groups at all time periods as a result of micro-hardness analysis (p<0.05) and the ranking according to micro-hardness values were as follows: control group, %1 CHX incorporated Fuji IX , %1 BC incorporated Fuji IX , % 2 CHX incorporated Fuji IX , %2 BC incorporated Fuji IX , %1 CPC incorporated Fuji IX, %1 CT incorporated Fuji IX, %2 CT incorporated Fuji IX , %2 CPC incorporated Fuji IX. In conclusion, the combination of quaternary ammonium compounds in various concentrations with Fuji IX is determined to be acceptable under in vitro conditions according to the results of FTIR, micro-tensile testing, micro-hardness analysis

Geleneksel Cam İyonomer İçerisine Katılmış Klorheksidin+Benzalkonyum Klorid Karışımının Mikrosertlik ve Florür Salım Özelliklerinin İn-vitro Değerlendirilmesi

Amaç: Atravmatik restoratif tedavide, antibakteriyel materyallerin cam iyonomer siman (CİS) ile birlikte kullanımının restorasyon altındaki bakterilerin eliminasyonunda yararlı olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bununla birlikte çeşitli antibakteriyel materyallerin CİS’lara eklenmesi sonucunda simanın yapısında zararlı fiziksel ve kimyasal değişimler oluşabilir. Bu nedenle, bu araştırmada Klorheksidin (KHX)+ Benzalkonyum klorid (BK) karışımı geleneksel cam iyonomer siman (GCİS)’ın tozunun içerisine katılarak mikrosertlik ve flüorür salım özelliklerindeki değişimlerin analiz edilmesi amaçlandı.Gereç ve Yöntem: %1 KHX+%1 BK karışımı GCİS’nın tozu içerisine katılarak deney grubu oluşturuldu (DNY). Antibakteriyel içermeyen GCİS ise kontrol grubu olarak belirlendi (KNT). Vickers mikrosertlik ölçümleri (VMS; n=10; her bir grupta) ve florür salım (FS; n=10, her bir grupta) miktarları 1 ve 7. günlerde hesaplandı. İstatistiksel analiz için Mann Whitney U ve Wilcoxon testleri p&lt;0.05 düzeyinde kullanıldı.Bulgular: Birinci (p&lt;0.001) ve 7. (p&lt;0.001) günlerde KNT grubunda DNY grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı daha yüksek VMS değerleri elde edildi. Yedinci gün değerleri 1.gün ile karşılaştırıldığında KNT (p&lt;0.01) ve DNY (p&lt;0.05) gruplarında anlamlı düzeyde artan VMS değerleri gözlendi. Florür salım miktarları 1. ve 7. Günlerde KNT (p&gt;0.05) ve DNY (p&gt;0.05) grupları arasında anlamlı farklılık göstermedi. Yedinci gün değerleri 1.gün ile karşılaştırıldığında ise KNT (p&lt;0.01) ve DNY (p&lt;0.01) gruplarında anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksek FS değerleri gösterdi.Sonuç: %1 KHX+%1 BK karışımının GCİS ile birlikte kullanımın mikrosertlik değerleri için problemli ancak florür salım özellikleri için KNT grubuna göre daha az ciddi sorun oluşturmasının yanısıra, VMS ve FS sonuçlarının zamana bağlı olarak değişimlerinin kabul edilebilir olduğu konusunun, gelecekte yapılacak olan araştırmalarda göz ardı edilmemesi gerektiği kanısına varılabilir.Anahtar kelimeler: geleneksel cam iyonomer siman, klorheksidin, benzalkonyum klorid, yüzey mikrosertliği, florü