Measuring the Effectiveness of Using "Memrise" on High School Students' Perceptions of Learning EFL

Mobile applications of language learning have the capacity to revolutionize the way languages are learned. This study examined the students' perceptions of the effectiveness of Mobile Assisted Language Learning (MALL) based instruction as a complement to direct instruction for 36 high schoolstudents inIran. Specifically, student perceptionusing direct instructioncombined with"Memrise" Mobile-based language learning versus direct language instruction only.The findings of this research suggest that Memrise is an effective method of English language instruction. It is important to note that Memrise is not meant to replace direct language instruction, but its purpose is to serve as an effective supplement to state language instruction

Química mineral y geotermobarometría de rocas gabroicas del área de Gysel, montañas de Alborz, Irán del norte

The gabbroic rocks in the Gysel area of the Central Alborz Mountains in north Iran are intruded into the Eocene Volcano-sedimentary units. The main gabbroic rocks varieties include gabbro porphyry, olivine gabbro, olivine dolerite and olivine monzo-gabbro. The main minerals phases in the rocks are plagioclase and pyroxene and the chief textures are sub-hedral granular, trachytoidic, porphyritic, intergranular and poikilitic. Electron microprobe analyses on minerals in the rock samples shows that plagioclase composition ranges from labradorite to bytonite, with oscillatory and normal chemical zonings. Clinopyroxene is augite and orthopyroxene is hypersthene to ferro-hypersthene. Thermometry calculations indicate temperatures of 650˚C to 750˚C for plagioclase crystallization and 950˚C to 1130˚C for pyroxene crystallization. Clinopyroxene chemistry reveals sub-alkaline and calc-alkaline nature for the parental magma emplaced in a volcanic arc setting.Las rocas gabroicas en el área de Gysel de las montañas Alborz Central en el norte de Irán se introducen en las unidades sedimentarias del volcán Eoceno. Las principales variedades de rocas gabroicas incluyen pórfido de gabro, gabro olivino, dolerita olivina y monzo-gabro olivino. Las principales fases minerales en las rocas son la plagioclasa y el piroxeno y las texturas principales son sub-hedral granular, trachytoidic, porfirita, intergranular y poikilitic. Los análisis de micro sonda electrónica sobre minerales en las muestras de roca muestran que la composición de plagioclasa varía de labradorita a bytonita, con zonificaciones químicas oscilatorias y normales. El clinopiroxeno es augita y el ortopiroxeno es hiperesteno a ferro-hiperesteno. Los cálculos de termometría indican temperaturas de 650 ° C a 750 ° C para la cristalización de plagioclasa y de 950 ° C a 1130 ° C para la cristalización de piroxeno. La química del clinopiroxeno revela la naturaleza subalcalina y calcálica alcalina para el magma parental emplazado en un entorno de arco volcánic

Química mineral y geotermobarometría de rocas gabroicas del área de Gysel, montañas de Alborz, Irán del norte

The gabbroic rocks in the Gysel area of the Central Alborz Mountains in north Iran are intruded into the Eocene Volcano-sedimentary units. The main gabbroic rocks varieties include gabbro porphyry, olivine gabbro, olivine dolerite and olivine monzo-gabbro. The main minerals phases in the rocks are plagioclase and pyroxene and the chief textures are sub-hedral granular, trachytoidic, porphyritic, intergranular and poikilitic. Electron microprobe analyses on minerals in the rock samples shows that plagioclase composition ranges from labradorite to bytonite, with oscillatory and normal chemical zonings. Clinopyroxene is augite and orthopyroxene is hypersthene to ferro-hypersthene. Thermometry calculations indicate temperatures of 650˚C to 750˚C for plagioclase crystallization and 950˚C to 1130˚C for pyroxene crystallization. Clinopyroxene chemistry reveals sub-alkaline and calc-alkaline nature for the parental magma emplaced in a volcanic arc setting.Las rocas gabroicas en el área de Gysel de las montañas Alborz Central en el norte de Irán se introducen en las unidades sedimentarias del volcán Eoceno. Las principales variedades de rocas gabroicas incluyen pórfido de gabro, gabro olivino, dolerita olivina y monzo-gabro olivino. Las principales fases minerales en las rocas son la plagioclasa y el piroxeno y las texturas principales son sub-hedral granular, trachytoidic, porfirita, intergranular y poikilitic. Los análisis de micro sonda electrónica sobre minerales en las muestras de roca muestran que la composición de plagioclasa varía de labradorita a bytonita, con zonificaciones químicas oscilatorias y normales. El clinopiroxeno es augita y el ortopiroxeno es hiperesteno a ferro-hiperesteno. Los cálculos de termometría indican temperaturas de 650 ° C a 750 ° C para la cristalización de plagioclasa y de 950 ° C a 1130 ° C para la cristalización de piroxeno. La química del clinopiroxeno revela la naturaleza subalcalina y calcálica alcalina para el magma parental emplazado en un entorno de arco volcánic

Infiltraciones químicas y de temperatura y presión barométrica en el lado norte del río Shahroud cerca de Zardkooh en la provincia de Gilan (norte de Irán)

El área de estudio se encuentra en el norte de Irán y es parte de la cordillera de Alborz. Las unidades de roca expuestas en el área de estudio son en su mayoría rocas volcánicas del Eoceno con algunas masas intrusivas del Oligomioceno incluidas y afloramientos sedimentarios localmente del Paleoceno, Jurásico, Pérmico y Carbonífero. Las rocas intrusivas del área de estudio son en su mayoría gabro y gabro olivino en términos de composición mineralógica, pero los tipos intermedios como pórfido monzonita también se ven raramente. Según los resultados del análisis de microsonda, los piroxenos tienen composiciones de augita y diópsido, los ortopiroxenos son hiperstenos, las biotitas tienen composiciones de biotita y flogopita de magnesio, las olivinas tienen composiciones de hialosiderita y los anfíboles son pargasita y ferropargasita en su composición. Los resultados de la evaluación de temperatura y presión indican un rango de temperatura de 650 a 1200 ° C y un rango de presión> 2-5 KB. Con base en la química del mineral clinopiroxeno de las intrusiones mencionadas, el magma que hizo estas intrusiones es de tipo subalcalino y se forma en un entorno tectónico de arco volcánico

Infiltraciones químicas y de temperatura y presión barométrica en el lado norte del río Shahroud cerca de Zardkooh en la provincia de Gilan (norte de Irán)

The study area is located in northern Iran and is part of the Alborz mountain range. The exposed rock units in the study area are mostly Eocene volcanic rocks with some Oligomiocene intrusive masses included and locally Paleocene, Jurassic, Permian and Carboniferous sedimentary outcrops. The intrusive rocks of the study area are mostly gabbro and olivine gabbro in terms of mineralogical composition, but intermediate types such as porphyry monzonite are also rarely seen. Based on the results of microprobe analysis, pyroxenes have augite and diopside compositions, orthopyroxenes are hypersthenes, biotites have magnesium biotite and phlogopite compositions, olivines have hyalosiderite compositions and amphiboles are pargasite and ferropargasite compositionally. The results of temperature and pressure evaluation indicate a temperature range of 650 to 1200 ° C and pressure range >2-5 KB. Based on the chemistry of clinopyroxene mineral of the mentioned intrusions, magma that made these intrusions is of the sub-alkaline type and is formed in a volcanic arc tectonic setting.El área de estudio se encuentra en el norte de Irán y es parte de la cordillera de Alborz. Las unidades de roca expuestas en el área de estudio son en su mayoría rocas volcánicas del Eoceno con algunas masas intrusivas del Oligomioceno incluidas y afloramientos sedimentarios localmente del Paleoceno, Jurásico, Pérmico y Carbonífero. Las rocas intrusivas del área de estudio son en su mayoría gabro y gabro olivino en términos de composición mineralógica, pero los tipos intermedios como pórfido monzonita también se ven raramente. Según los resultados del análisis de microsonda, los piroxenos tienen composiciones de augita y diópsido, los ortopiroxenos son hiperstenos, las biotitas tienen composiciones de biotita y flogopita de magnesio, las olivinas tienen composiciones de hialosiderita y los anfíboles son pargasita y ferropargasita en su composición. Los resultados de la evaluación de temperatura y presión indican un rango de temperatura de 650 a 1200 ° C y un rango de presión> 2-5 KB. Con base en la química del mineral clinopiroxeno de las intrusiones mencionadas, el magma que hizo estas intrusiones es de tipo subalcalino y se forma en un entorno tectónico de arco volcánico

A comparative study on the structure of English abstracts of Persian and English medical journals

زمینه و هدف: امروزه مقاله نویسی علمی اهمیت خاصی پیدا کرده است و بهترین راه به اشتراک گذاشتن دستاوردهای علمی بنظر میرسد به شرط آنکه معیارهای تعیین شده مرتبط با زبان مقاله نویسی رعایت گردد. هدف از این تحقیق شناسایی انحرافات ساختاری چکیده های ترجمه انگلیسی چاپ شده در مجلات فارسی زبان ایرانی و مقایسه آنها با چکیده هایی است که از ابتدا به زبان انگلیسی نوشته شده و در مجلات بین المللی پزشکی به چاپ رسیده اند. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه توصیفی- تحلیلی تعداد 64 چکیده (32 چکیده از مجلات ایرانی و 32 چکیده از مجلات بین المللی) بر اساس مدل پیشنهادی Swales مورد تجزیه و تحلیل و مقایسه قرار گرفت. بررسی دقیق تری هم بر اساس مدلCARS (Create A Research Space) پیشنهاد شده توسطSwales در قسمت مقدمه این چکیده ها انجام شد. توالی مقدمه، مواد و روش ها، یافته ها و نتیجه گیری (IMRC=Introduction, Methods, Results, Conclusion) به عنوان قسمتهای ساختاری جهت بررسی در نظر گرفته شد. داده ها به کمک آزمون های آماری کای اسکوئر و آزمون دقیق فیشر تجزیه و تحلیل شد. یافته ها: یافته ها نشان داد در حالی که چکیده های ترجمه شده همگی توالی IMRC را رعایت کرده اند، در چکیده های اصیل انگلیسی زبان این توالی کاملاً رعایت نشده است. در قسمت مقدمه چکیده ها، اختلاف معنی داری در نگارش بیان هدف تحقیق وجود داشت که در چکیده های ترجمه شده بیشتر به چشم می خورد (001/0

Rhetorical Variation in Medical Article Abstracts Written in English and Persian

The present study aimed at finding structural variations in the translated abstracts from Persian into English and comparing them with abstracts originally written in English and published in international journals in the area of medical sciences. To do this, 64 medical article abstracts (32 in Iranian journals, 32 in international journals) were analyzed and compared on the basis of Swales’ model (1990). More detailed analysis was done in the Introduction unit regarding CARS model (Swales, 1990) and also language features of each unit were identified. The IMRC (Introduction, Methods, Results, Conclusion) sequence was considered as the structural conventions for the analysis. The results showed that in terms of structural units, there was a significant difference in using the Methods unit between the two groups of abstracts (p= 0.002). Some variations were observed in the Introduction unit and language features. The data revealed that the translated abstracts from Persian into English in research medical articles meet the determined criteria for scientific writing while the original ones often ignore the criteria, although they are linguistically superior to the original English one

Study of the mineralization potential of the intrusives around Valis (Tarom-Iran)

The study area is located in northwestern Iran in the central Iran zone, specifically the western Alborz sub-zone south of the Tarom-Hashtjin metallogenic zone. The exposed rock units in this area generally include Eocene volcanic rocks (lava flows and pyroclasts belonging to the Karaj formation) and Oligocene granitoid intrusive bodies. The intrusive bodies in the area have a petrographic composition of granite, syenite and monzonite and are mostly metaluminous. The dual characteristics of these intrusives (for example, the behavior of elements such as Rb, P, Ga/Al, Y/Nb, K/Na, and FeO/Fe2O3, the Rb/Nb ratios, the A/CNK molar ratios and the ACF and A/CNK-Fe2O3+FeO diagrams), some of which are consistent with the I nature and others with the S and A natures, show that the rocks are among hybrid granitoids and, in terms of the tectonic setting, lie within the WPG range. According to the Rb/Sr, Zr/Hf, K/Rb ratios, the granite melts that form the aforementioned bodies are not extremely evolved and have not undergone post magmatic activity, which would lead to mineralization. The Sm/Eu and Rb/Ba ratios and the behavior of Rb, Ba and Sr within the aforementioned granitoids show that the rocks are similar to average granitoids unrelated to Li, Be, Sn, W and Ta deposits; they fall within the range of barren granitoids but are partially fertile in Cu. ResumenEl área de este estudio está localizada en el noroeste de la zona central de Irán, específicamente en el oeste de la subzona de Alborz y al sur de la zona metalogénica de Tarom-Hashtjin. Las unidades de roca expuesta en esta área se clasifican generalmente como rocas volcánicas del Eoceno (flujos de lava y piroclastos pertenecientes a la formación Karaj) y como cuerpos granitoides intrusivos del Oligoceno. Los cuerpos intrusivos en el  área tienen una composición petrográfica de granito, sienita y monzonita mayormente metaluminosa. Las  características duales de estas intrusiones (por ejemplo, el comportamiento de de elementos como Rb, P, Ga/ Al, Y/Nb, K/Na, y Feo/Fe2O3, los índice de Rb/Nb, la proporción molar de los A/CNK y los diagramas ACF y A/CNK-Fe2O3+FeO), algunas de las cuales son consistentes con la índole I y otras con las índoles S y A, muestran que las rocas son granitoides híbridos y, en términos de orden tectónico, subyacen en la cadena WPG. De acuerdo con los índices Rb/Sr, Zr/Hf, K/Rb, los granitos fundieron la forma de los cuerpos sin desarrollarse completamente y sin registrar actividad magmática posterior, lo que llevó a la mineralización. Los índices Sm/Eu y Rb/Ba y el comportamiento del Rb, Ba y Sr al interior de los granitoides mencionados muestran que las rocas son similares al promedio de los granitoides no relacionados con los depósitos de Li, Be, Sn, W y Ta; estos incluyen en el rango de granitoides estériles, pero son parcialemente fértiles en Cu

Geochemistry and tectonic setting of Paleogene volcanic rocks of Rudbar in the south of Guilan, northern Iran: Implications for adakitic volcanism

IntroductionVolcanic rocks with adakitic nature, are outcropped, in the south of Rudbar city as a part of the Alborz magmatic zone and the northern part of the Alborz zone. Most of the rock units in this area are volcanic and pyroclastic belonging to the Tertiary age and specifically Middle Eocene.For this study, we present new data to understand the origin and tectonic setting of the adakitic early Cenozoic magmatism in the southern part of the western Alborz orogenic belt.Regional GeologyBased on the 1:100,000 Guilan geological map (Nazari and Salamati, 1998), the predominant geological units of the region include the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic stratigraphic units. The volcanic activity resulting from the subduction of an oceanic crust beneath the active continental margin of Alborz began in Paleocene and its peak is attributed to the Lutsin period (Nazari and Salamati, 1998).Materials and methods Following microscopic studies, 11 samples were analyzed at Actlabs Lab in Canada by ICP-MS method. IGPET and GCDKIT software were applied to draw diagrams and interpret the data.Petrography and Whole rocks chemistry The studied lavas consist mainly of dacite to trachy-dacite, rhyodacite, and rarely rhyolite. Abundant plagioclase as phenocrysts and microlites and rare amphibole, biotite, and quartz with hyaloporphyritic, microlithic porphyry to felsitic porphyry and microfelsitic textures are the dominant petrographic features of these rocks. Geochemically, they are characterized by mean value of 61.87 wt%< SiO2<66.54, 1.1 wt%<MgO<2.8 wt%,10 ppm<Y<14 ppm, 1.4 ppm<Yb<1.7 ppm, 450 ppm<Sr<1887 ppm as well as the average amounts of Sr/Y: 103.8, 10.5<(La/Yb)N<14.09 and 5.1<Yb/Lu<6.5. Thus, the overall geochemical data point to HAS characteristics of the rocks under study. On normalized spider diagram to chondrite, MORB, and primitive mantle, all rocks demonstrate subparallel trend, linear and homogeneous REE profiles with LILE and LREE enrichment together Ta, Nb, and Ti negative anomalies. As the tectonic diagrams display, all the studied samples are plotted in an arc volcanic granite field formed in a subduction environment in an active continental margin. Moreover, all the obtained geochemical data point to a high silica adakitic magma as the parent magma.DiscussionThe studied area lies in Alborz Mountain, which owing to the collision of two Eurasian and Arabian plates, where a Neo-Tethyan oceanic lithosphere (Southern Caspian Sea Ocean or SCO)” is subducted beneath the Central Iranian continental lithosphere (Salavati et al, 2013), is an active deformation zone.The studied rocks formed in arc and subduction zones setting. Adakitic rocks in the arc setting can be produced by partial melting of a hot and young subducted oceanic slab and subduction of a very young oceanic crust (<5Ma) at depths of about 25 to 90 km is required to produce adakitic magma in the arc setting (Thorkelsona and Breitsprecher, 2005).In the north of the investigated area and south part of the Caspian Sea, an Alpian oceanic belonging late Cretaceous age was reported and named “Southern Caspian Sea Ocean (Salavati et al., 2013), which was subducted toward the south. Adakitic activity and not-adakitic magmatism continued to migrate toward the trench supporting a slab window model.The proposed tectonomagmatic model "Ridge-Trench", indicates that the studied lavas were generated in the Neothetyan supra-subduction zone.Based on this model, in the south of Guilan Province, SCO oceanic crust (and likely its ridge) has subducted towards the south the first because of a pressure change that might be caused by the extension and thinning of the overlying crust. A slab window was formed therefore in the source region, and partial melting occurred by asthenospheric upwelling. It looks like the adakitic rocks imply a deep source with a low magma source melting degree.ConclusionThe overall petrological and geochemical features of the studied lavas gave rise to the following conclusions:A new group of extrusive rocks, with remarkable geochemical characteristics of adakitic rocks, is outcropped in the south of Guilan ProvinceThese rocks are characterized by HFSE and HREE depletion relative to LILE and LREE and negative Nb, Ta, and Ti anomalies, suggesting the parent magmas were affected by subduction-related geochemical processes.On tectonic diagrams, the studied adakitic rocks plotted on an Active Continental Margin setting and they show HAS characteristics produced by 5% to 10% partial melting of an amphibolite garnet source from a hot and young Cenozoic slab subduction.All the geological and geochemical data indicate that the early Cenozoic adakitic magmas in the south of Guilan Province were generated in an extensional tectonic setting (Slab window setting) when the active spreading center of the Neo-Tethys oceanic (Southern Caspian Sea Ocean) subducted toward the south and produced a slab window. According to the proposed model, the active spreading center of the Neo-Tethys oceanic crust (Southern Caspian Sea Ocean) subducted toward the south and produced a slab window in the subducted oceanic lithosphere.AcknowledgmentsWe appreciate the Office of Graduate Studies of Islamic Azad University, Lahijan Branch