Delito de estupro : o papel e o impacto do exame médico forense nos processos judiciais - uma análise das sentenças proferidas no ano de 2008 a 2016

A pesquisa versa sobre a comprovação da materialidade da conduta de violação sexual nos delitos de estupro. Através da coleta de evidências encontradas na vítima da agressão. Bem como sobre o papel e o impacto que o exame médico forense possui no processo judicial para a fundamentação da sentença do magistrado. No tocante, a condenação ou absolvição do réu denunciado por estupro. O problema consiste em qual é o papel e o impacto que o exame médico forense tem sobre a figura do julgador? Mais especificamente, a qualidade, a qualidade do exame médico forense pode ser determinante para uma condenação ou absolvição do réu? Em face destes problemas, outra questão se apresenta, a saber, se os achados apresentados pelo laudo pericial, como lesões e DNA. São valorados pelo julgador no momento de fundamentar a sentença, na ausência destes, pode o julgador fundamentar sua sentença em outras provas? E quais seriam estas provas? As respostas as questões possibilitarão o estabelecimento de critérios relativos à própria motivação do ato jurisdicional praticado pelo julgador ao decidir casos deste tipo. Parte - se da hipótese de que o exame médico forense possui um papel mínimo (frente) ao testemunho da vítima da agressão sexual. O impacto dessa prova no processo é prejudicado pela qualidade da coleta de evidências que é defasada pela destruição dos achados pelo tempo entre a notícia (crimes) e a realização do exame na vítima. Objetivo de a pesquisa é analisar o exame médico forense no processo judicial. A qualidade da coleta realizada durante o exame. As evidências apresentadas pelo laudo pericial. Aferindo o impacto que esse exame possui no processo no que diz respeito à valoração dessa prova pelo julgador na fundamentação. O método a ser utilizado na pesquisa será o hipotético dedutivo, em um primeiro momento, especificamente, no tocante às definições dos aspectos teóricos determinados pelas alterações legislativas, e, em um segundo momento, dos dados obtidos pelo exame dos processos judiciais.The research is about the evidence of the materiality of the conduct of rape in rape offenses by collecting evidence found in the victim of the assault, as well as the role and impact that forensic examination has on the judicial process to substantiate the sentence. of the magistrate as regards the conviction or acquittal of the defendant accused of rape. The problem is what role and impact does forensic examination have on the judge’s figure? More specifically, can the quality of the forensic medical examination determine the defendant’s conviction or acquittal? In the face of these problems, another question arises, namely, if the findings presented by theexpert report, such as injuries and DNA, are valued by the judge at the moment of justifying thesentence, in the absence of these, can the judge base his sentence on other evidence. ? And what would this evidence be? The answer to these questions will make it possible to establish criteria relating to the proper motivation of the judicial act practiced by the judge in deciding such cases. It is assumed that the forensic medical examination has a minimal role in relation to the testimony of the victim of sexual assault. The impact of this evidence on the process is hindered by the quality of evidence collection that is delayed by the destruction of findings by the time between news of crimes and examination by the victim. The objective of the research is to analyze the forensic medical examination in the judicial process, the quality of the collection performed during the examination, the evidence presented by the expert report, and to assess the impact that this examination has on the process regarding the valuation of this evidence by the judge. in the grounds of the judgment. The method to be used in the research will be the hypothetical-deductive, at first, specifically with respect to the definitions of the theoretical aspects determined by thelegislative changes, and, secondly, in the examination of the data obtained by the examination of the judicial processes

Chilling Rates Impact Carcass and Meat Quality Parameters of Bos indicus Cattle

This study evaluated the impact of chilling decline rates on carcass and meat quality parameters of Bos indicus cattle. Eighty Nellore bull carcass halves were used, allocated equally into 2 treatments: conventional and dynamic chilling environment. Temperature and pH were recorded at 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h in the longissimus thoracis muscle. Cold carcass weight and meat samples were extracted 24 h post-slaughter. Cold carcass weight tended to be lower in the dynamic environment (P=0.096). Shrink percentage was higher in the conventional than in the dynamic chilling environment (P=0.049). The pH values were significantly higher in the dynamic chilling environment at 2, 4, 6, and 12 h after slaughter (P<0.022). Also, there was a tendency for high ultimate pH in the dynamic treatment (P=0.059). Temperature values were significantly lower in the dynamic treatment from 4 to 24 h postmortem (P<0.001) compared with the conventional treatment. Carcasses subjected to the conventional chilling rate presented higher temperatures at pH 6 (P<0.001), which was reached in a shorter period (P=0.024). Carcasses in the conventional treatment had a lower pH at the temperature of18°C than in the dynamic chilling environment (P<0.001). There were no differences in water losses and sarcomere length between chilling environments (P≥0.344). However, meat samples from the conventional chilling environment had higher mean values for color parameters a*, b*, oxymyoglobin, and chroma (P≤0.006) and a tendency for lower shear force (P=0.06). In contrast, the deoxymyoglobin value was higher in the dynamic than the conventional chilling treatment (P=0.002). The variation in chilling rate impacted mainly the decline in meat pH and meat color, with the dynamic chilling environment producing a less bright red color

Fat Deposition, Fatty Acid Composition, and Its Relationship with Meat Quality and Human Health

The consumer’s profile has changed, and in recent years, there has been a greater concern for the nutritional quality of meat, especially in relation to fat that compose it. The meat fat composition can contribute to the onset of cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, fat is an essential component in the human diet, as well as providing energy; it contains essential fatty acids (FAs) that must be present in food. The meat nutritional properties are largely related to its fat content and fatty acid composition. In addition, fat gives flavor to food, helps in the absorption of vitamins, and plays an important role in the immune response, for humans, and animals. The fat nutritional and sensory quality in meat that is determined by the fatty acid composition can affect the degree of fat saturation, the storage stability, and flavor. There are several factors that can influence the fatty acid composition, such as animals’ species, breed, sex, and diet, causing various changes in carcass, as well as in tissues and chemical meat composition

Dynamics and determinants of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing on symptomatic individuals attending healthcare centers during 2020 in Bahia, Brazil

RT-PCR testing data provides opportunities to explore regional and individual determinants of test positivity and surveillance infrastructure. Using Generalized Additive Models, we explored 222,515 tests of a random sample of individuals with COVID-19 compatible symptoms in the Brazilian state of Bahia during 2020. We found that age and male gender were the most significant determinants of test positivity. There was evidence of an unequal impact among socio-demographic strata, with higher positivity among those living in areas with low education levels during the first epidemic wave, followed by those living in areas with higher education levels in the second wave. Our estimated probability of testing positive after symptom onset corroborates previous reports that the probability decreases with time, more than halving by about two weeks and converging to zero by three weeks. Test positivity rates generally followed state-level reported cases, and while a single laboratory performed ~90% of tests covering ~99% of the state's area, test turn-around time generally remained below four days. This testing effort is a testimony to the Bahian surveillance capacity during public health emergencies, as previously witnessed during the recent Zika and Yellow Fever outbreaks

Mucopolysaccharidosis I, II, and VI: Brief review and guidelines for treatment

Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are rare genetic diseases caused by the deficiency of one of the lysosomal enzymes involved in the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) breakdown pathway. This metabolic block leads to the accumulation of GAG in various organs and tissues of the affected patients, resulting in a multisystemic clinical picture, sometimes including cognitive impairment. Until the beginning of the XXI century, treatment was mainly supportive. Bone marrow transplantation improved the natural course of the disease in some types of MPS, but the morbidity and mortality restricted its use to selected cases. The identification of the genes involved, the new molecular biology tools and the availability of animal models made it possible to develop specific enzyme replacement therapies (ERT) for these diseases. At present, a great number of Brazilian medical centers from all regions of the country have experience with ERT for MPS I, II, and VI, acquired not only through patient treatment but also in clinical trials. Taking the three types of MPS together, over 200 patients have been treated with ERT in our country. This document summarizes the experience of the professionals involved, along with the data available in the international literature, bringing together and harmonizing the information available on the management of these severe and progressive diseases, thus disclosing new prospects for Brazilian patients affected by these conditions

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK.

BACKGROUND: A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. METHODS: This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. FINDINGS: Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0-75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4-97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8-80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3-4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. INTERPRETATION: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials. FUNDING: UK Research and Innovation, National Institutes for Health Research (NIHR), Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lemann Foundation, Rede D'Or, Brava and Telles Foundation, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Thames Valley and South Midland's NIHR Clinical Research Network, and AstraZeneca

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK

Background A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. Methods This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. Findings Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0–75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4–97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8–80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3–4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. Interpretation ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials