A consciência nas obras de Fiódor Dostoiévski

The beginning of the project is in the form of chronicle, my meeting with Fyodor Dostoevsky and the whole process that motivated this study, with the aim of passing to the reader through literature, part of my feeling towards the Russian author. Then, in the first essay, I begin the theoretical analysis of man's impulse and attitude toward killing God to become a new God, driven by Crime and Punishment along with Nietzsche's philosophical reflections in his books Antichrist and Aurora. . At the end of the preceptor essay, the latter is closely related to the former as a way of demonstrating the problems of conscience in relation to the mortifying attitude of murdering the divine figure. Concluding the relationship between Crime and Punishment and Nietzsche's works, the third essay is introduced, with the object of historically exposing Dostoevsky's influence on Nietzsche, explaining passages of the Russian writer in The Demons as a possible germ of the Nietzschean concept and its announcement. to the hyperbaric. Changing eyes, the following essay explores through the tale an unpleasant story written by the Russian author, as is evident in the impossibility of the Hegelian idea of liberal precepts being applied in nineteenth-century Russia. Finalizing, as the last essay, is the writing about the depth of the unconscious, presenting by the bias of the work The Ridiculous Man's Dream, the anticipation of ideas related to psychology even before the Freudian concretization.Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Graduação)Encontra-se no inicio do projeto na forma de crônica, meu encontro com Fiódor Dostoiévski e todo o processo que motivou este estudo, com objetivo de transpassar para o leitor através da literatura, parte do meu sentimento em relação ao autor russo. Em seguida, no primeiro ensaio, dou inicio à análise teórica sobre o impulso do homem e sua atitude referente a matar Deus para se tornar um novo Deus, movido pela obra Crime e Castigo juntamente as reflexões filosóficas de Nietzsche, em seus livros o anticristo e Aurora. Ao finalizar o ensaio preceptor, tem-se o segundo estritamente relacionado ao primeiro, como forma de demonstrar os problemas da consciência em relação à atitude mortificante de assassinar a figura divina. Concluindo a relação entre Crime e castigo e as obras de Nietzsche, adentra-se o terceiro ensaio, com o objeto de expor historicamente a influência de Dostoiévski perante Nietzsche, explicitando passagens do escritor russo em Os demônios como possível germe do conceito nietzschiano e seu anúncio ao hiperbóreo. Mudando os olhos de direção, o ensaio seguinte explana através do conto uma história desagradável escrito pelo autor russo, como fica evidente a impossibilidade da ideia hegeliana dos preceitos liberais serem aplicados na Rússia do século XIX. Finalizando, como derradeiro ensaio, encontra-se o escrito sobre a profundeza do inconsciente, apresentando pelo viés da obra O sonho do homem ridículo, a antecipação de ideias referentes a psicologia antes mesmo da concretiza freudiana

Quantification of the 15 major human bile acids and their precursor 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one in serum by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Bile acids are increasingly gaining attention since they were discovered to be activators of the transcription factor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in addition to their well-established role in dietary lipid emulsification. Moreover, the differential activation potency of bile acids on FXR, which is due to structural variation of the ligands, generates the need for new analytical tools that are sensitive and specific enough to quantify the individual species of this complex class of compounds. Because bile acids undergo enterohepatic circulation, the additional assessment of a bile acid precursor as a marker for bile acid biosynthesis is used to differentiate between newly synthesised bile acids and bile acids reabsorbed from the intestine. This paper describes two new methods using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the quantification of the major unconjugated bile acids in human serum (cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid) with their glycine- and taurine-conjugates as well as their precursor 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4). Intra- and inter-day variation was less than 12% and accuracy was between 84% and 102% for all analytes. Extraction recovery was between 78% and 100% for the bile acids whereas it was 62% for C4 and limit of quantification values ranged from 2nmol/l to 50nmol/l for all compounds. These two methods have the practical advantage of requiring low sample volume (100μl serum for each method) and identical eluents, stationary phase as well as ionisation technique, so that they can be used in a combined way. Moreover, they provide information on the composition of the bile acid pool on one hand and on the relative amount of newly synthesised bile acids on the other, which taken together, gives new insights in the investigation of bile acid metabolism

Enteric Microbiome Metabolites Correlate with Response to Simvastatin Treatment

Although statins are widely prescribed medications, there remains considerable variability in therapeutic response. Genetics can explain only part of this variability. Metabolomics is a global biochemical approach that provides powerful tools for mapping pathways implicated in disease and in response to treatment. Metabolomics captures net interactions between genome, microbiome and the environment. In this study, we used a targeted GC-MS metabolomics platform to measure a panel of metabolites within cholesterol synthesis, dietary sterol absorption, and bile acid formation to determine metabolite signatures that may predict variation in statin LDL-C lowering efficacy. Measurements were performed in two subsets of the total study population in the Cholesterol and Pharmacogenetics (CAP) study: Full Range of Response (FR), and Good and Poor Responders (GPR) were 100 individuals randomly selected from across the entire range of LDL-C responses in CAP. GPR were 48 individuals, 24 each from the top and bottom 10% of the LDL-C response distribution matched for body mass index, race, and gender. We identified three secondary, bacterial-derived bile acids that contribute to predicting the magnitude of statin-induced LDL-C lowering in good responders. Bile acids and statins share transporters in the liver and intestine; we observed that increased plasma concentration of simvastatin positively correlates with higher levels of several secondary bile acids. Genetic analysis of these subjects identified associations between levels of seven bile acids and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs4149056, in the gene encoding the organic anion transporter SLCO1B1. These findings, along with recently published results that the gut microbiome plays an important role in cardiovascular disease, indicate that interactions between genome, gut microbiome and environmental influences should be considered in the study and management of cardiovascular disease. Metabolic profiles could provide valuable information about treatment outcomes and could contribute to a more personalized approach to therapy