Mannitol Induced Renal Alterations in Rabbits

Mannitol, an alcohol of six carbon sugar-mannose, has a molecular weight of 182.17. It has the inability to enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle which makes mannitol a physiological stable compound. This chemical structure, physical and physiological properties of mannitol are listed in figure 1 Barry, (1963). The clinical use of mannitol as a therapeutic agent has been validated many times in the literature. The utilization of mannitol as a prophylactic measure in prevention of acute renal failure following surgery or trauma has been reported by many authorities. Before recently many surgeons have selected the utilization of mannitol rather than urea as a dehydrating fluid during neurosurgical operations Ohrt, (1967). There is limited and conflicting data describing mannitol\u27s role in osmotic nephrosis of renal tissue. Available research employing experimental animals demonstrating the reversibility of these renal lesions in conjunction with mannitol infusion is very meager. The purpose of this study was to investigate physiological alterations and histological comparisons of mannitol in relation to proximal renal tubules employing virgin doe rabbits. Microscopic analysis was employed to determine reversibility of the histological changes altering tubule lumen size and distance of the nucleus from the basement membrane in respect to different dosage levels and various post-infusion sacrifice times

Some aspects of co-operation in farming: with special reference to a group of arable farms in the East of Scotland

The section of British Agriculture for which farm amalgamation may be an economic necessity is examined, and the incidence of and rate of farm amalgamation since 1875 is demonstrated. It is suggested that the effects of farm amalgamation are similar to the effects of a change in the scale of farming and evidence relating to the economies and diseconomies of scale is examined. Action by official bodies to reduce the number of uneconomic farms, and by farmers to obtain the advantages of larger size without increasing the size of farms, is discussed.The farms used in the investigation, the area in which they lie, the climate and the type of farming, are described. The general method of investigation and the requirements to be met in constructing the planning model are discussed, and the effect on farm planning solutions of ignoring factors which in practice affect decision making, is demonstrated.Work on improving the available linear programming program to obtain the required output, to improve data input and to obtain greater speed and flexibility in computation, is described. The construction of the matrix comprising the planning model is outlined, with fuller discussion of three areas - the representation of working capital, regular labour and farm machinery selection. The calculation of labour supply involved an assessment of the effect of weather on the time available for farm work. The method of assessment, and the effect of applying the resulting criteria to meteorological data recorded in three areas, have been described in published articles which are reproduced as appendices.The results of the investigation are presented with the intention of providing two types of comparison - the effect on the individual farms of various planning assumptions, and the effect on the 2811 acre block of land of farming it as six units or as one farm, again subject to various assumptions. Comparisons are shown to indicate the effects of introducing dairying, of having limited or unlimited availability of capital, and of using high output equipment on the amalgamated unit.The possible effect of the current system of taxation on the gross profits derived from the individual farms and from the amalgamated unit is investigated, in order to provide a comparison of the net spendable incomes available to individuals.It is concluded that the minimum cross profit improvement obtainable by amalgamation of these particular farms is insufficient to offset the taxation disadvantage to which the single unit business could be subject, but that in practice the gross profit advantage of amalgamation would depend upon the farming and business ability of the people, involved and their command of capital, both as individuals .and as a group. Possible managerial and business expansion advantages, and social advantages and disadvantages, are outlined

The Three Parts of Babylon : Teaching a Historicist Interpretation of the Leopardlike, Lamblike and Scarlet Beasts (Rev 13 and 16:19 as Reflected in Rev 17) Based upon the Douglas Waterhouse Construct

Problem. In the field of religious education, a need exists for a broad teaching strategy through which the biblical three parts of Babylon (Rev 16:19) and the visual imagery of apocalyptic Babylon (Rev 13 and 17) might be taught effectively within the historicist tradition. This study was designed to present a teaching strategy based upon the historicist apocalyptic three-part construct developed principally by Douglas Waterhouse. The Theoretical Organizing Principle of Geographic Relationships. The concept that helped guide and bring together this study was the understanding that Rev 17 is based on personification which were well known in the contemporaries of John the Revelator. In this sense, Rev 17 was viewed as a unified picture which encompassed a universal worldview. Each symbol had its own unique contextual interrelationships with one another. Only then, was it seen that geographical relationships were critical. Three geographical relationships were identified by the study. Together with Babylon’s role in history, these geographic relationships serve as a “key which unlock a biblically rooted teaching strategy for correctly explaining Babylon as an apocalyptic symbol. Pedagogical Theses. The three geographic relationships function as the hermeneutical foundation of the broad teaching strategy. They are biblically and historically rooted within the historicist school of interpretation: and they provide a systematic and logical pedagogical procedure for teaching the three parts of Babylon within the historicist tradition. Conclusions. A teaching strategy on apocalyptic Babylon within the historicist tradition was developed. The three major parts of Babylon dominating Rev 13 within a historical setting are biblically represented by the Leopardlike Beast, the Lamblike Beast, and the Sea underneath the Leopardlike Beast. Within the plague setting in Rev 17, the previous three iconographic images have the following corresponding identities, though under alternate guises: the Harlot/Woman/City imageries, the Daughter Cities, and the Scarlet Beast. Further, questions in teaching the Scarlet Beast imagery were resolved according to the Waterhouse construct. The life span of the Scarlet Beast with its seven heads was seen existing during the seven last plagues (Rev 17:1). Subsequently, the seven heads of the Scarlet Beast could not be identified with past historical political powers, nor with the seven heads of the Leopardlike Beast. Further, this study concluded that the Harlot of Rev 17:3 was not sitting upon the Leopardlike Beast (as is generally assumed)

Law student knowledge of legal interviewing: a case study of self-evaluation using video annotation

Video has long been used to support learner reflection in professional education programs in law, health, and education. Emerging video analysis tools offer learners the ability to highlight segments of video and focus their attention to specific moments or aspects of performance. These emerging tools afford opportunities for more systematic observation, analysis, and deliberate reflection on learner performance than was available previously. Expertise research has found that representative, rigorous tasks followed by immediate feedback and error correction constitute deliberate practice. Training environments that incorporate deliberate practice and emerging video annotation and analysis tools provide opportunities for learners pinpoint strengths and weaknesses in a systematic way. The purpose of this descriptive case study was to utilize a mixed method approach that would allow the identification and reveal the development of learner knowledge in an ill- structured professional domain. Data consisting of categorical, evaluative, and descriptive video annotations were collected from a legal interviewing and counseling course. Data were analyzed using Chi\u27s (1997) verbal analysis approach. Verbal analysis is a methodology for quantifying the qualitative coding of the content of verbal utterances. Results imply that verbal analysis may be a useful method for other ill-structured professional domains. While the concept of reflection remains ambiguous, the method demonstrated in this study also provides a means to analyze reflective artifacts to reveal the content or object of reflections. Finally, results suggest that it may be possible to evaluate the development of learner knowledge in ill-structured professional domains

Indian Gaming and Tribal Revenue Allocation Plans: Socio-Economic Determinants of Policy Adoption

As the Indian gaming industry has experienced unprecedented growth over the past two decades, tribes have pursued different paths regarding the utilization of gaming revenues within parameters established by the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act. Since 1993, more than 100 tribes have received approval through the Department of the Interior to distribute revenues directly to tribal members through per capita payments governed by a Tribal Revenue Allocation Plan (RAP). This paper improves our understanding of nations with payment plans by exploring whether socio-economic tribal features are associated with the successful adoption of a RAP. We find that tribes who gained approval of a RAP in the 1990s have higher per capita incomes, while also having smaller populations and lower levels of educational attainment. Population is the strongest predictor of RAP adoptions in both the 1990s and 2000s, with the impact of other tribal features being less meaningful in explaining adoption in the second decade

Still Too Fat to Fight

The problem of junk food sold in schools is not just a national health issue. It is a national security issue.Over the past 40 years, obesity rates have more than tripled for children and teens. About 1 in 4 young American adults is now too overweight to join the military. Being overweight or obese is the number one medical reason why young adults cannot enlist. When weight problems are combined with poor education, criminal backgrounds, and other disqualifiers, an estimated 75 percent of young Americans could not serve in the military if they wanted to