Monitoring, understanding and modelling rainfall-runoff behaviour in two small residential urban catchments.

Understanding the urban rainfall-runoff process is an important challenge for the hydrological sciences. Urban areas exhibit a complex mosaic of surface covers, ranging from those of an anthropogenic origin to surfaces of a disturbed natural form, which exhibit varying hydrological behaviours. The urban rainfall-runoff process is managed to reduce the risk of flooding within urban areas, whilst also considering the volume of runoff that downstream water bodies receive. Efforts to understand and manage the urban rainfall-runoff process are often hampered by a lack of rainfall runoff data of sufficient temporal (length and/or frequency) and spatial resolution for locations of interest. Therefore, urban rainfall-runoff processes are typically estimated using hydrological models that attempt to characterise the physical nature of urban areas (using assumptions and estimates of surface hydrological behaviour), that rarely consider how small-scale variations in urban surface cover and hydraulic connectivity influence rainfall-runoff behaviour. This thesis investigates how variations in the physical design, hydraulic form and age of two residential developments of north Swindon (Arley Close and Winsley Close) influence rainfall-runoff behaviour. Through high resolution monitoring of precipitation, drainage flows and soil moisture, a novel understanding of the complex rainfall-runoff properties of urban surface covers is developed, rejecting commonly applied, yet inaccurate assumptions regarding the total imperviousness of urban surfaces. The ability of engineering rainfall-runoff models to replicate the field study site results is assessed to develop an improved understanding of how variations in urban development patterns can be better represented within modelling tools. The implications of inaccurate rainfall-runoff modelling arising from the use of assumptions and estimates within the planning of a retro-fitted surface water drainage storage tank are assessed, demonstrating the importance of developing improved understanding of rainfall-runoff processes at small-scales within the urban environment

К вопросу формирования маркетинговой компетентности студента вуза

Interview topic guide. This document is the topic guide used by the researcher to structure all participant interviews. (DOCX 15 kb

Like mother, like child : investigating perinatal and maternal health stress in post-medieval London.

Post-Medieval London (sixteenth-nineteenth centuries) was a stressful environment for the poor. Overcrowded and squalid housing, physically demanding and risky working conditions, air and water pollution, inadequate diet and exposure to infectious diseases created high levels of morbidity and low life expectancy. All of these factors pressed with particular severity on the lowest members of the social strata, with burgeoning disparities in health between the richest and poorest. Foetal, perinatal and infant skeletal remains provide the most sensitive source of bioarchaeological information regarding past population health and in particular maternal well-being. This chapter examined the evidence for chronic growth and health disruption in 136 foetal, perinatal and infant skeletons from four low-status cemetery samples in post-medieval London. The aim of this study was to consider the impact of poverty on the maternal-infant nexus, through an analysis of evidence of growth disruption and pathological lesions. The results highlight the dire consequences of poverty in London during this period from the very earliest moments of life