The Role of Natural Law after World War II (Case of Nuremberg Trial)

Natural law is a set of inherent rights, based on the nature and existence of every man. Everyone has equal natural rights (such the right to live and physical inviolability or personal freedom) irrespective of gender and his age, his position in society, time, place and order the state in wich he lives. Such as natural law is one universal right, applicable to all men and all times. Natural rights are pre and on- state, and therefore inalienable right of “permanent”.  They differ from law and other legal norms, historically variable, set by the state (positive law). In this study we will be to stop the influence of natural law after World War II, since this is the period in which it had a great influence, especially in regard to the doctrine of international law and human rights. Focus of the study will also be its role in postwar national courts and especially the case of International Court of Nuremberg

The Mobile Phone & Its Impact In Teenagers`Daily Life

The mobile phone, as a medium has influenced the ways in which we can interact with other media. It is considered like a channel between traditional and new media. Its specific characteristics, social functions and also its uses may vary in different contexts and cultures. The mobile phone, has contributed in increasing the idea of personal media, and the emergence of new kinds of media behavior. According to Morley (2002), communication technologies transform and rearrange relations between the domestic and the public space. In particular, mobile communication functions to broaden the sphere of the home outside the physical household; to blur the boundaries between the public and private spheres. In this study we aim to discuss through the literature review the role of the phone in the everyday life, and to know more about the different ways and reasons why 12-15 year old teenagers, part of Municipality of Shkoder, use mobile phone. This qualitative research is based on semi structured interviews with children. The identified problems consist in: First: The children use more mobile phones in order to use the internet and social networks and this makes it really difficult for their parents to control them. This exposes more the children towards negative effect of internet usage. The second problem is that parents do not have enough knowledge on the usage of new technology. Third: Children have taken information about the risk of internet from the media or by friends and they haven't discussed about this subject at school with teachers

The impact of the financial crises in the management of the corporates

Financial crises are very damaging and costly. They can spread easily from one country to another. The most apparent example was the crisis of 2008, which took global dimensions. The entire world was affected by the crisis and many countries are still suffering the consequences, such as: economic decline, failure of banks or financial institutions, price fluctuations, etc. The main factors that cause shocks in the financial sector can be grouped as follows: inappropriate macroeconomic policies, the weakness of the financial system, global financial conditions, the difference of exchange rates and political instability. These factors, create the conditions for the crisis to occur, and precisely these factors will be the theme element of our study. This study, which analyzes the elements that changed corporate governance after the crisis of 2008, will also focus on the impact that these structural changes had in the level of job satisfaction of employees, given the extent of the layer, that represent people who have suffered the most severe economic shock of this crisis. The collected data of the employees of a company in Albania was analyzed through the T-test, which aims to compare how elements of job satisfaction vary from one period to another, and how statistically the differences are significant. The salary and the level of commitment were associated with the level of satisfaction of the employees during the economic crisis of 2008, and then compared with the period after, through the Chi- square test, to verify the presence of a correlation between them

To Control or Be Controlled: Predicting Types of Offending in a Corporate Environment Using Control-Balance Theory

Introduction: This study seeks to determine the extent to which Tittle’s control balance (CB) theory (CBT: 1995) accurately predicts different types of deviance within a corporate setting (in this case, a financial services corporation). CB theory contends that deviance is the result of a control imbalance between the amount of control a person exerts and the amount to which they are subject. Control deficits result in repressive deviance (including most types of predatory crime). Control surpluses result in autonomous deviance (including many types of white collar offending). Method: We exploit a unique dataset consisting of the internal investigations of fraud conducted by a large United States-based financial services company to explore these concepts in the corporate sales environment. Results: Consistent with the theory, we find that a control surplus predicts certain autonomous deviance while a control deficit explained some repressive forms of criminality. Results also indicate that a control imbalance is incremental in nature and not simply a balanced/non-balanced condition. Further discussion revolves around implications, limitations, and future research

Eye-hand coordination patterns of intermediate and novice surgeons in a simulation-based endoscopic surgery training environment

Endoscopic surgery procedures require specific skills, such as eye-hand coordination to be developed. Current education programs are facing with problems to provide appropriate skill improvement and assessment methods in this field. This study aims to propose objective metrics for hand-movement skills and assess eye-hand coordination. An experimental study is conducted with 15 surgical residents to test the newly proposed measures. Two computer-based both-handed endoscopic surgery practice scenarios are developed in a simulation environment to gather the participants’ eye-gaze data with the help of an eye tracker as well as the related hand movement data through haptic interfaces. Additionally, participants’ eye-hand coordination skills are analyzed. The results indicate higher correlations in the intermediates’ eye-hand movements compared to the novices. An increase in intermediates’ visual concentration leads to smoother hand movements. Similarly, the novices’ hand movements are shown to remain at a standstill. After the first round of practice, all participants’ eye-hand coordination skills are improved on the specific task targeted in this study. According to these results, it can be concluded that the proposed metrics can potentially provide some additional insights about trainees’ eye-hand coordination skills and help instructional system designers to better address training requirements

Doğrudan Sermaye Yatırımları, Ticari Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye ve BRICS Ülkeleri Örneği

Relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth for developed and developing countries is controversial issue. The aim of this study is to examine relationship between foreign direct investment, trade openness and economic growth in the BRICS countries and in Turkey during the period 1982-2013. CADF unit root test and Emirmahmutoğlu ve Köse (2011) causality test are employed to examine the relationship. The results indicate that there is uni-directional causality running from economic growth to foreign direct investment. Besides, there is found bi-directional causality between economic growth and trade openness. There is detected bi-directional causality between foreign direct investment and trade openness. According to individual country results it is obtained mixed evidence.Doğrudan sermaye yatırımları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler için tartışılan bir konudur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, BRICS ülkelerinde ve Türkiye’de 1982-2013 döneminde doğrudan sermaye yatırımları, ticari dışa açıklık ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. İlişkiyi incelemek amacıyla CADF birim kök testi ve Emirmahmutoğlu ve Köse (2011) nedensellik testi kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlar ekonomik büyümeden doğrudan yabancı yatırımlara doğru tek yönlü nedensellik olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca ekonomik büyüme ve ticari dışa açıklık arasında çift yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar ve ticari dışa açıklık arasında çift yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi saptanmıştır. Bireysel ülke sonuçlarına göre ise karma bulgular elde edilmiştir

Analysis of Consular Affairs under the Vienna Convention (1963)

Abstract: Consular relations are based on the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, signed on 24 April 1963 and entered into force four years later, in March of 1967. The preamble of the Convention on Consular Relations as content as well as form is very similar to Diplomatic Convention as part stems from it. This Convention is very detailed. It is divided into three chapters: the first chapter deals with consular relations in general and in two other chapters regulate the consular offices are headed respectively by career consuls (chapter two) and they honor (chapter three). This topic will treat the appointment of consuls and the end of their functions, the consular functions and the consular immunity. The method used for the realization of this topic is that of the analysis and case studies. &nbsp

Doğrudan Sermaye Yatırımları, Ticari Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye ve BRICS Ülkeleri Örneği

Relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth for developed and developing countries is controversial issue. The aim of this study is to examine relationship between foreign direct investment, trade openness and economic growth in the BRICS countries and in Turkey during the period 1982-2013. CADF unit root test and Emirmahmutoğlu ve Köse (2011) causality test are employed to examine the relationship. The results indicate that there is uni-directional causality running from economic growth to foreign direct investment. Besides, there is found bi-directional causality between economic growth and trade openness. There is detected bi-directional causality between foreign direct investment and trade openness. According to individual country results it is obtained mixed evidence.Doğrudan sermaye yatırımları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler için tartışılan bir konudur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, BRICS ülkelerinde ve Türkiye’de 1982-2013 döneminde doğrudan sermaye yatırımları, ticari dışa açıklık ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. İlişkiyi incelemek amacıyla CADF birim kök testi ve Emirmahmutoğlu ve Köse (2011) nedensellik testi kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlar ekonomik büyümeden doğrudan yabancı yatırımlara doğru tek yönlü nedensellik olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca ekonomik büyüme ve ticari dışa açıklık arasında çift yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar ve ticari dışa açıklık arasında çift yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi saptanmıştır. Bireysel ülke sonuçlarına göre ise karma bulgular elde edilmiştir