O crédito no mundo dos senhores do café : Franca 1885-1914

Orientador: José Jobson de Andrade ArrudaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de EconomiaResumo: Este trabalho tem por foco analisar a forma como a lavoura cafeeira do município de Franca, bem como todos os outros setores da economia local, financiavam suas atividades entre o período que vai de 1885 a 1914. Também nos deteremos nas condições de financiamento, de obtenção de recursos por parte dos credores e a lucratividade destas operações. Pautamo-nos por avaliar separadamente determinados subperíodos, conforme a conjuntura monetária enfrentada em cada um deles, engendrada pelos próprios movimentos de expansão e retração da lavoura cafeeira ¿ que por sua vez respondiam às oscilações do preço do produto nos mercados internacionais ¿ e pelas políticas monetárias adotadas pelo governo federal. Para melhor situar a atuação de cada agente na intrincada cadeia do crédito, buscamos separá-los por estratificação ocupacional, além de estudar alguns desses personagens com maior profundidade, visando delinear um quadro o mais completo possível da atividade creditícia nesta região. Percebemos que se procedia ao crédito à lavoura de forma amplamente baseada nas relações pessoais, por vezes familiares, o que, em certa medida, propiciava um amplo predomínio de credores locais nestas operações. Também notamos que pelas próprias condições de produção que se impunham aos cafeicultores, financiá-los implicava na posse de grande quantidade de capital, dificuldade contornada, pelos senhores do crédito, por meio de ligações familiares que acabavam por consolidar associações de cunho econômico. Assim, o estudo dos laços de família entre os personagens que atuavam no comércio de dinheiro, acabou se impondo à nossa pesquisa. Ao constatarmos a importância das propriedades rurais nas garantias hipotecárias, verificamos a necessidade de também analisarmos como se deu a apropriação territorial, que muitas vezes não obedecia a mecanismos estritamente de mercado, a fim de estabelecer como e em que medida as formas de apropriação territorial poderiam haver jogado sua influência sobre o teor que assumiram as operações de crédito. Visamos, portanto, traçar um quadro bastante complexo e completo das relações creditícias na economia cafeeira paulista, que incluiria não apenas o caráter econômico dessas, mas também o conjunto mais amplo das relações em que estavam enredadasMestradoHistoria EconomicaMestre em Desenvolvimento Econômic

Plant development, gas exchanges and pigments of Mesosphaerum suaveolens submitted to osmoconditioning and saline stress

Salinity is one of the main plant abiotic stresses affecting the establishment and development of crops. It is thus a matter of prime importance to search for technologies that minimize the damage caused by salinity. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of salinity stress and osmotic conditioning of seeds on the biomass, gas exchanges and chlorophyll pigments in Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze. The statistical design adopted was a randomized block design, combined according to the central composite design, referring to electrical conductivities of irrigation water and osmotic potentials, with minimum (- α) and maximum (α) values of 0.5 and 10.0 dS m-1 and 0.0 and -1.0 MPa, respectively, totaling nine combinations. The characteristics of dry biomass, gas exchange and chlorophyll indices were evaluated at 45 days after the beginning of irrigation with saline water. The salinity of irrigation water severely affected the dry biomass and the gas exchanges of M. suaveolens. Irrigation water of electrical conductivity above 3.2 dS m-1 caused reductions in chlorophyll a, b and total contents in M. suaveolens plants. Seed osmoconditioning did not attenuate the negative effects of saline stress on M. suaveolens plants

Analysis of the physicochemical properties, cytotoxicity and volumetric changes of AH Plus, MTA Fillapex and TotalFill BC Sealer

To evaluate the physicochemical properties and cytotoxicity of AH Plus, MTA Fillapex and TotalFill BC Sealer. Volumetric changes were also evaluating using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Radiopacity and flow were evaluated in accordance with the ISO 6876, while setting time was evaluated in accordance with the ASTM- C266-08 specifications. The release of Ca2+ ions and pH were measured with spectrophotometer and pH meter, respectively, after different time intervals (1h, 3h, 24h, 72h, 168h, and 360h). Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT reduction assay to check 3T3 cells viability at 24, 48 and 72 hours. Volumetric change was evaluated by micro-CT, by using 30 acrylic teeth, filled with gutta-percha cones and the tested root canal sealer. The samples were evaluated after 168h, 360h and 720h of immersion in distilled water. Data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey test or by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (P<0.05). MTA Fillapex and TotalFill BC Sealer showed lower radiopacity than AH Plus (P<0.05). The MTA Fillapex showed the highest flow, while AH Plus showed the lowest flow (P<0.05). The initial and final setting time of AH Plus were lower than MTA Fillapex and TotalFill BC Sealer (P<0.05). In general, TotalFill BC Sealer presented higher Ca2+ ion release and pH than the other tested sealers. TotalFill BC Sealer also showed overall lower cytotoxicity when compared to the other sealers. Volumetric change of AH Plus and TotalFill BC Sealer was lower than MTA Fillapex (P<0.05). AH Plus, MTA Fillapex and TotalFill BC Sealer showed slight differences in the physicochemical properties and cytotoxicity, but all suitable for an endodontic sealer. However, AH Plus and TotalFill BC Sealer showed low volumetric changes when compared to MTA Fillapex

Fatty acid profile of meat from European and Zebu bulls fed with pearl millet

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o perfil de ácidos graxos da carne de novilhos mestiços alimentados, em confinamento, com dietas contendo níveis crescentes de grão de milheto moído em substituição ao grão de milho moído. Foram utilizados 24 tourinhos mestiços europeus e 24 mestiços zebuínos, abatidos aos 24 meses de idade, após 96 dias de confinamento. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos em arranjo fatorial 4x2 (quatro dietas com 0, 33, 66 e 100% de milheto no concetrado e dois grupos genéticos) com seis repetições. O aumento dos níveis de grão de milheto na dieta elevou linearmente a participação dos ácidos graxos, araquídico (C20:0), heneicosanoico (C21:0), α‑linolênico (C18:3 n‑3) e dihomo‑γ‑linolênico (C20:3 n‑6). Tourinhos europeus apresentaram carne com menor teor dos ácidos graxos, mirístico (C14:0), heneicosanoico (C21:0) e γ‑linolênico (C18:3 n‑6) do que tourinhos zebuínos. A concentração total de ácidos graxos saturados (45,2%), monoinsaturados (41,2%) e poli‑insaturados (8,7%), e a relação monoinsaturados/saturados (1,09) e poli‑insaturados/saturados (0,18) não foi alterada pelos grupos genéticos e pelas dietas. O aumento da percentagem de grão de milheto na dieta de tourinhos europeus ou zebuínos melhora a relação entre os ácidos graxos ω‑6/ω‑3.The objective of this work was to evaluate the fatty acid profile of crossbreed steers, in confinement, fed with diets containing increasing levels of ground millet grain in replacement to ground corn grain. Twenty‑four European crossbred bulls and 24 Zebu crossbred bulls, slaughtered at 24 months of age, after 96 days in confinement, were used. The experimental design was completely randomized with treatments in a 4x2 factorial arrangement (four diets with 0, 33, 66, and 100% of pearl millet in the concentrate and two genetic groups) with six replicates. The increase in the levels of pearl millet grain in the diet increased linearly the participation of the arachidic (C20:0), heneicosanoic (C21:0), α‑linolenic (C18:3 n‑3), and dihomo‑γ‑linolenic (C20:3 n‑6) fatty acids. European bulls showed meat with lower content of myristic (C14:0), heneicosanoic (C21:0), and γ‑linolenic (C18:3 n‑6) fatty acids than the Zebu bulls. The total concentration of saturated (45.2%), monounsaturated (41.2%), and polyunsaturated (8.7%) fatty acids, and the monounsaturated/saturated (1.09) and polyunsaturated/saturated (0.18) ratio were not affected by the genetic groups and diets. The increase in the percentage of millet grain in the diet of European and Zebu bulls improves the ratio between ω‑6/ω‑3 fatty acids

O trabalho profissional da psicologia e do serviço social na política de assistência social : questões, tensões e perspectivas

Isabel Fernandes de Oliveira - PrefácioMaria Rosângela Batistoni - Prefácio-

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

Crédito e expansão da cafeicultura: o caso do município paulista de Franca 1887-1914

Neste artigo buscamos identificar os nexos entre crédito e cafeicultura, notadamente no que tange à expansão da produção e o papel desempenhado nesta por pequenos e grandes cafeicultores no município paulista de Franca entre 1887 e 1914,portanto durante a introdução definitiva do trabalho livre nas lavouras de café. Utilizamos como eixo documental escrituras de dívida registradas em cartório e tentamos associar a disponibilidade de crédito às políticas monetárias seguidas pelo governo em diferentes períodos

Crédito e pequena cafeicultura no oeste paulista: Franca/SP 1890-1914

This article turns on the importance of the small coffee production in the coffee complex economy between 1890 and 1914. We argue here the relations of work, the forms of financing and the way as the small coffee production inserts itself in this universe. We use as priority sources the employment contracts that involved the formation and/or the treatment of coffee trees and the Writes of mortgage debts, both recorded in Notarial Books, documents not used by historiography in a systematical way. We turns our look for a region marked predominantly for small and the middle producing farms of coffee, observing the dynamics of the accumulation in a period of expansion and crisis of the coffee economy