Baryon Spectrum and Chiral Dynamics

New results on baryon structure and spectrum developed in collaboration with Dan Riska [1-4] are reported. The main idea is that beyond the chiral symmetry spontaneous breaking scale light and strange baryons should be considered as systems of three constituent quarks with an effective confining interaction and a chiral interaction that is mediated by the octet of Goldstone bosons (pseudoscalar mesons) between the constituent quarks.Comment: 12 pages + 1 fig., LaTeX, fig. is available from author, to appear in Proceedings of the Int. School of Nucl. Physics: Quarks in Hadrons and Nuclei (Erice, 19-27 September, 1995) - Progr. Part. Nucl. Phys., v. 36 (1996

Light Baryons in a Constituent Quark Model with Chiral Dynamics

It is shown from rigorous three-body Faddeev calculations that the masses of all 14 lowest states in the $N$ and $\Delta$ spectra can be described within a constituent quark model with a Goldstone-boson-exchange interaction plus linear confinement between the constituent quarks.Comment: 12 pages, submitted to Phys. Lett.

Origins of the baryon spectrum

I begin with a key problem of light and strange baryon spectroscopy which suggests a clue for our understanding of underlying dynamics. Then I discuss spontaneous breaking of chiral symmetry in QCD, which implies that at low momenta there must be quasiparticles - constituent quarks with dynamical mass, which should be coupled to other quasiparticles - Goldstone bosons. Then it is natural to assume that in the low-energy regime the underlying dynamics in baryons is due to Goldstone boson exchange (GBE) between constituent quarks. Using as a prototype of the microscopical quark-gluon degrees of freedom the instanton-induced 't Hooft interaction I show why the GBE is so important. When the 't Hooft interaction is iterated in the qq t-channel it inevitably leads to a pole which corresponds to GBE. This is a typical antiscreening behavior: the interaction is represented by a bare vertex at large momenta, but it blows up at small momenta in the channel with GBE quantum numbers, explaining thus a distinguished role of the latter interaction in the low-energy regime. I show how the explicitly flavour-dependent short-range part of the GBE interaction between quarks, perhaps in combination with the vector-meson exchange interaction, solves a key problem of baryon spectroscopy and present spectra obtained in a simple analytical calculation as well as in exact semirelativistic three-body approach.Comment: Plenary talk given at PANIC 99 (XV Particles and Nuclei International Conference, 10 - 16 June 1999, Uppsala

Restoration of chiral and U(1)AU(1)_A symmetries in excited hadrons

The effective restoration of $SU(2)_L \times SU(2)_R$ and $U(1)_A$ chiral symmetries of QCD in excited hadrons is reviewed. While the low-lying hadron spectrum is mostly shaped by the spontaneous breaking of chiral symmetry, in the high-lying hadrons the role of the quark condensate of the vacuum becomes negligible and the chiral symmetry is effectively restored. This implies that the mass generation mechanisms in the low- and high-lying hadrons are essentially different. The fundamental origin of this phenomenon is a suppression of quark quantum loop effects in high-lying hadrons relative to the classical contributions that preserve both chiral and $U(1)_A$ symmetries. Microscopically the chiral symmetry breaking is induced by the dynamical Lorentz-scalar mass of quarks due to their coupling with the quark condensate of the vacuum. This mass is strongly momentum-dependent, however, and vanishes in the high-lying hadrons where the typical momentum of valence quarks is large. This physics is illustrated within the solvable chirally-symmetric and confining model. Effective Lagrangians for the approximate chiral multiplets at the hadron level are constructed which can be used as phenomenological effective field theories in the effective chiral restoration regime. Different ramifications and implications of the effective chiral restoration for the string description of excited hadrons, the decoupling of excited hadrons from the Goldstone bosons, the glueball - quark-antiquark mixing and the OZI rule violations are discussed.Comment: 64 pages. To appear in Physics Report

Chirally symmetric but confining dense and cold matter

The folklore tradition about the QCD phase diagram is that at the chiral restoration phase transition at finite density hadrons are deconfined and there appears the quark matter. We address this question within the only known exactly solvable confining and chirally symmetric model. It is postulated within this model that there exists linear Coulomb-like confining interaction. The chiral symmetry breaking and the quark Green function are obtained from the Schwinger-Dyson (gap) equation while the color-singlet meson spectrum results from the Bethe-Salpeter equation. We solve this model at T=0 and finite chemical potential $\mu$ and obtain a clear chiral restoration phase transition at the critical value \mu_{cr}. Below this value the spectrum is similar to the previously obtained one at \mu = 0. At \mu > \mu_{cr} the quarks are still confined and the physical spectrum consists of bound states which are arranged into a complete set of exact chiral multiplets. This explicitly demonstrates that a chirally symmetric matter consisting of confined but chirally symmetric hadrons at finite chemical potential is also possible in QCD. If so, there must be nontrivial implications for astrophysics.Comment: 7 pp; the paper has been expanded to make some technical details more clear; 3 new figures have been added. To appear in PR

Is there diquark clustering in the nucleon?

It is shown that the instanton-induced interaction in qq pairs, iterated in t-channel, leads to a meson-exchange interactions between quarks. In this way one can achieve a simultaneous understanding of low-lying mesons, baryons and the nuclear force. The discussion is general and does not necessarily rely on the instanton-induced interaction. Any nonperturbative gluonic interaction between quarks, which is a source of the dynamical chiral symmetry breaking and explains the $\pi$ - $\rho$ mass splitting, will imply an effective meson exchange picture in baryons. Due to the (anti)screening there is a big difference between the initial 't Hooft interaction and the effective meson-exchange interaction. It is demonstrated that the effective meson-exchange interaction, adjusted to the baryon spectrum, does not bind the scalar diquark and does not induce any significant quark-diquark clustering in the nucleon because of the nontrivial role played by the Pauli principle.Comment: Final version to appear in Phys. Rev. D; typos have been corrected; some formulae have been written in a more detailed form; some references have been update

Spectator-model operators in point-form relativistic quantum mechanics

We address the construction of transition operators for electromagnetic, weak, and hadronic reactions of relativistic few-quark systems along the spectator model. While the problem is of relevance for all forms of relativistic quantum mechanics, we specifically adhere to the point form, since it preserves the spectator character of the corresponding transition operators in any reference frame. The conditions imposed on the construction of point-form spectator-model operators are discussed and their implications are exemplified for mesonic decays of baryon resonances within a relativistic constituent quark model.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, updated version accepted for publication in Europ. Phys. J.

Chiral symmetry restoration in excited hadrons, quantum fluctuations, and quasiclassics

In this paper, we discuss the transition to the semiclassical regime in excited hadrons, and consequently, the restoration of chiral symmetry for these states. We use a generalised Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model with the interaction between quarks in the form of the instantaneous Lorentz-vector confining potential. This model is known to provide spontaneous breaking of chiral symmetry in the vacuum via the standard selfenergy loops for valence quarks. It has been shown recently that the effective single-quark potential is of the Lorentz-scalar nature, for the low-lying hadrons, while, for the high-lying states, it becomes a pure Lorentz vector and hence the model exhibits the restoration of chiral symmetry. We demonstrate explicitly the quantum nature of chiral symmetry breaking, the absence of chiral symmetry breaking in the classical limit as well as the transition to the semiclassical regime for excited states, where the effect of chiral symmetry breaking becomes only a small correction to the classical contributions.Comment: RevTeX4, 20 pages, 4 Postscript figures, uses epsfig.sty, typos correcte