Language as a primary medium of social behaviour

Розглянуто основні чинники мовних видозмін у суспільстві, висвітлено сучасні погляди на мовні зміни у ЗМІ (засобах масової інформації), визначено доцільність соціологічних досліджень. In this paper the main factors of language variation in society are highlighted, current views on linguistic variation in Media are outlined, the importance of sociological investigation is determined

Оцінка екологічного стану поверхневих вод річки Гапа

An ecological assessment of the current state of water quality in the Gapa River was carried out on the basis of the classification of the quality of surface waters of the in three blocks of indicators: salt composition, tropho-saprobiological (ecology-sanitary) indicators and specific toxic substances. The value of the integral (ecological) index is determined. It is established that the surface waters of the Gapa River correspond to Class II of the 3rd category of water quality and are characterized as «good» by status and «sufficiently clean» in terms of purity.Виконано екологічне оцінювання сучасного стану якості води річки Гапа на основі класифікації якості поверхневих вод суші за трьома блоками показників: сольового складу, трофо-сапробіологічних (еколого-санітарних) показників та показників специфічних речовин токсичної дії. Визначено величину інтегрального (екологічного) індексу. Встановлено, що поверхневі води р. Гапа відповідають ІІ класу 3 категорії якості води та характеризуються, як «добрі» за станом і «досить чисті» за ступенем чистоти

Superconductivity in multi-phase Mg-B-O compounds

Structures of MgB2-based materials manufactured under pressure (up to 2 GPa) by different methods having high superconducting performance and connectivity are multiphase and contain different Mg-B-O compounds. Some oxygen can be incorporated into MgB2 and boron into MgO structures, MgBx (X=4-20) inclusions contain practically no oxygen. Regulating manufacturing temperature, pressure, introducing additions one can influence oxygen and boron distribution in the materials and thus, affect the formation, amount and sizes of Mg-B-O and MgBx inclusions and changing type of pinning, pinning force and so affect critical current density jc. The boron concentration increase in initial Mg and B mixture allows obtaining sample containing 88.5 wt% of MgB12 with Tc of 37.4 K (estimated magnetically)

Structure and properties of oxygen-containing thin films and bulk MgB₂

A structural Auger spectroscopy study of MgB2 thin (~140 nm) oxygen-containing polycrystalline films produced by magnetron sputtering and 99% dense MgB2 bulks synthesized at 2 GPa allows us to conclude that jc of MgB2 depends to a high extent on the amount and distribution of oxygen in the material matrix. jc reached 7.8-2.7 MA/cm2 below 1T at 20 K in the films and 0.3-0.9 MA/cm2 (depending on the boron used) in the bulks. The higher jc in MgB2 thin films can be associated with finer oxygen-enriched Mg-B-O inclusions and their higher density in the film structure compared to the bulk. Calculations of the total electron density of states (DOS) in MgB2, MgB1.75O0.25, MgB1.5O0.5 and MgBO showed that all the compounds are conductors with metal-like behaviour. The DOS is even higher in MgB1.5O0 5 than in MgB2 and the binding energy is similar. So, the experimentally found presence of some dissolved oxygen in MgB2 does not contradict its high SC performance. The introduction of a high amount of oxygen into the MgB2 structure does not dramatically reduce the material\u27s Tc and allows obtaining highjc as observed in our MgB2 films and bulks

The TALE Class Homeobox Gene Smed-prep Defines the Anterior Compartment for Head Regeneration

Planaria continue to blossom as a model system for understanding all aspects of regeneration. They provide an opportunity to understand how the replacement of missing tissues from preexisting adult tissue is orchestrated at the molecular level. When amputated along any plane, planaria are capable of regenerating all missing tissue and rescaling all structures to the new size of the animal. Recently, rapid progress has been made in understanding the developmental pathways that control planarian regeneration. In particular Wnt/beta-catenin signaling is central in promoting posterior fates and inhibiting anterior identity. Currently the mechanisms that actively promote anterior identity remain unknown. Here, Smed-prep, encoding a TALE class homeodomain, is described as the first gene necessary for correct anterior fate and patterning during planarian regeneration. Smed-prep is expressed at high levels in the anterior portion of whole animals, and Smed-prep(RNAi) leads to loss of the whole brain during anterior regeneration, but not during lateral regeneration or homeostasis in intact worms. Expression of markers of different anterior fated cells are greatly reduced or lost in Smed-prep(RNAi) animals. We find that the ectopic anterior structures induced by abrogation of Wnt signaling also require Smed-prep to form. We use double knockdown experiments with the S. mediterranea ortholog of nou-darake (that when knocked down induces ectopic brain formation) to show that Smed-prep defines an anterior fated compartment within which stem cells are permitted to assume brain fate, but is not required directly for this differentiation process. Smed-prep is the first gene clearly implicated as being necessary for promoting anterior fate and the first homeobox gene implicated in establishing positional identity during regeneration. Together our results suggest that Smed-prep is required in stem cell progeny as they form the anterior regenerative blastema and is required for specifying anterior cell fates and correct patterning

Detection of MicroRNA processing intermediates through RNA ligation approaches

MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small RNAs of 20–22 nt that regulate diverse biological pathways through the modulation of gene expression. miRNAs recognize target RNAs by base complementarity and guide them to degradation or translational arrest. They are transcribed as longer precursors with extensive secondary structures. In plants, these precursors are processed by a complex harboring DICER-LIKE1 (DCL1), which cuts on the precursor stem region to release the mature miRNA together with the miRNA*. In both plants and animals, the miRNA precursors contain spatial clues that determine the position of the miRNA along their sequences. DCL1 is assisted by several proteins, such as the double-stranded RNA binding protein, HYPONASTIC LEAVES1 (HYL1), and the zinc finger protein SERRATE (SE). The precise biogenesis of miRNAs is of utter importance since it determines the exact nucleotide sequence of the mature small RNAs and therefore the identity of the target genes. miRNA processing itself can be regulated and therefore can determine the final small RNA levels and activity. Here, we describe methods to analyze miRNA processing intermediates in plants. These approaches can be used in wild-type or mutant plants, as well as in plants grown under different conditions, allowing a molecular characterization of the miRNA biogenesis from the RNA precursor perspective.Fil: Moro, Belén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; ArgentinaFil: Rojas, Arantxa Maria Larisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Palatnik, Javier Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Centro de Estudios Interdisciplinarios; Argentin