255 research outputs found

    (A4) Emergency Health Interventions in Earthquakes: Red Cross Experience from Haiti and Chile, 2010

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    On 12 January 2010, the fate of Haiti and its people shifted with the ground beneath them as the strongest earthquake in 200 years, and a series of powerful aftershocks demolished the capital and multiple areas throughout the southern coast in thirty seconds, leaving some 220,000 people dead, and 300,000 persons injured. On 27 February 2010, at 03:35 hours local time, an earthquake of magnitude 8.8 struck Chile. As a consequence, the tsunami generated affected a coastal strip of more than 500 kilometers. Approximately 1.5 million people were affected and thousands lost their homes and livelihoods. The emergency health response of the International Red Cross Movement to both disasters was immediate, powerful and dynamic. The IFRC deployed seven emergency response units (ERU) to Haiti: one 150-bed referral hospital, one Rapid Deployment Emergency Hospital, and five basic health care units. One surgical hospital and two Basic Health Care Units were deployed to Chile. The ERU system of the IFRC is a flexible and dynamic tool for emergency health response in shifting and challenging environments. Evaluations show that the system performs well during urban and rural disasters. Despite a very different baseline in the two contexts, the ERU system of IFRC can adapt to the local needs. As panorama of pathology in the aftermath of an earthquake changes, the ERU system adapts and continues supporting the local health care system in its recover

    (A187) Red Cross Volunteers' Roles in Epidemic Control: Community-Level Interventions during Cholera Outbreaks in Zimbabwe and Haiti

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    Managing epidemics, or preferably, preventing them, is a priority for the International Federation of the Red Cross (IFRC). The IFRC response to the cholera outbreaks in Zimbabwe in 2009 and in Haiti in 2010 both included: the Emergency Response Unit system as the backbone, and the International Red Cross Movement helped the National Red Cross Society fulfill its humanitarian mandate during the emergency. Water and Sanitation units and Basic Health Care Units cooperated seamlessly to ensure consistency and effectiveness in the activities. A large part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement response is performed by community-based volunteers. During both outbreaks, the Red Cross put special focus on community-level interventions. In both countries, the National Red Cross Society, supported by the International Federation of the Red Cross, trained volunteer groups using a local adaptation and translation of the IFRC training package for emergency health and epidemic control. Research has shown that community volunteers frequently lack the background information necessary for a quick and efficient response to epidemics, especially when they are located in areas that do not benefit from the support and guidance of health professionals. This is particularly true in developing countries that often lack sufficient healthcare facilities and staff. To help fill those gaps, the IFRC launched a training package — Epidemic Control for Volunteers — more effectively involving volunteers in the epidemic management. It provides volunteers with a basic understanding of the diseases that can easily turn into epidemics. This training package is intended for volunteers and trainers in local branches of Red Cross and Red Crescent societies. It teaches them how they can help limit the number of victims, act quickly and effectively, and define their role in the community before, during, and after an epidemi

    Emerging investigator series: : Use of behavioural endpoints in regulation of chemicals

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    Interest in behavioural ecotoxicology is growing, partly due to technological and computational advances in recording behaviours but also because of improvements of detection capacity facilitating reporting effects at environmentally relevant concentrations. The peer-reviewed literature now contains studies investigating the effects of chemicals, including pesticides and pharmaceuticals, on migration, dispersal, aggression, sociabilitygrouping, reproduction, feeding and anti-predator behaviours in vertebrates and invertebrates. To understand how behavioural studies could be used in regulatory decision-making we: 1) assessed the legal obstacles to using behavioural endpoints in EU chemicals regulation; 2) analysed the known cases of use of behavioural endpoints in EU chemicals regulation; and 3) provided examples of behavioural endpoints of relevance for population level effects. We conclude that the only legal obstacle to the use of behavioural endpoints in EU chemicals regulation is whether an endpoint is considered to be relevant at the population level or not. We also conclude that ecotoxicity studies investigating behavioural endpoints are occasionally used in the EU chemicals regulation, and underscore that behavioural endpoints can be relevant at the population level. To improve the current use of behavioural studies in regulatory decision-making contribution from all relevant stakeholders is required. We have the following recommendations: 1) researchers should conduct robust, well-designed and transparent studies that emphasize the relevance of the study for regulation of chemicals; 2) editors and scientific journals should promote detailed, reliable and clearly reported studies; 3) regulatory agencies and the chemical industry need to embrace new behavioural endpoints of relevance at the population level

    Talousmetsien luonnonhoidon kehitys vuosina 1995‒2018 luonnonhoidon laadun arvioinnin sekĂ€ valtakunnan metsien inventoinnin tulosten perusteella

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    Talousmetsien luonnonhoidon laatua on arvioitu vuodesta 1995 lĂ€htien. Yksityismailla on arvioitu vuosittain keskimÀÀrin noin 750 leimikkoa (vaihteluvĂ€li 350–1000 leimikkoa), joiden yhteispinta-ala on noin 2500 hehtaaria (1100–3900 ha). Tarkastettavat leimikot on valittu satunnaisotannalla tai suunnatulla otannalla metsĂ€nkĂ€yttöilmoitusten perusteella. Valtakunnan metsien inventointiin (VMI) sisĂ€llytettiin talousmetsien luonnonhoitoon liittyviĂ€ tunnuksia, kuten avainbiotooppien mÀÀrĂ€ ja laatu sekĂ€ kuolleen puun tilavuus, VMI9:stĂ€ (1996‒2003) lĂ€htien. Molemmat seurantajĂ€rjestelmĂ€t ovat tuottaneet aineistoja, joita analysoimalla voidaan saada tietoa luonnonhoidon keinojen kĂ€ytöstĂ€ hakkuissa ja metsĂ€nuudistamisessa parin edellisen vuosikymmenen aikana. TĂ€mĂ€n raportin tarkoituksena on dokumentoida luonnonhoidon laadun arvioinnin menetelmĂ€t ja siinĂ€ tapahtuneet muutokset sekĂ€ koota yhteen edellisen runsaan 20 vuoden seurantajakson tulokset ja esittÀÀ ne havainnollisina graafeina. Raportissa tarkastellaan luonnonhoidon laatua kuvaavien muuttujien keskiarvojen tilastollista luotettavuutta vuositasolla tai pidemmillĂ€ jaksoilla. Tavoitteena on selvittÀÀ, millaisia johtopÀÀtöksiĂ€ luonnonhoidon laadun kehittymisestĂ€ aikasarjojen perusteella voidaan tehdĂ€, sekĂ€ arvioida tarvittavaa otoskokoa siihen, ettĂ€ halutun suuruinen muutos tietyn muuttujan keskiarvoissa vuosien vĂ€lillĂ€ voitaisiin havaita tilastollisesti merkitsevĂ€ksi. Luonnonhoidon laadun arvioinnin aineiston aikasarjojen tarkastelussa keskityttiin pÀÀasiassa osa-aineistoon vuosilta 1998–2018, jossa olivat mukana vain satunnaisella otannalla tarkastettavaksi valitut uudistushakkuut. TĂ€mĂ€ osa-aineisto kĂ€sitti 71 % yksityismaiden arviointialasta. KeskeisiĂ€ tarkasteltavia muuttujia olivat luontokohteiden ja eri luontokohdeluokkien (luonnonsuojelulakikohteet, metsĂ€lakikohteet, sertifioinnin turvaamat kohteet sekĂ€ muut huomionarvoiset luontokohteet) pinta-alaosuus, luontokohteille sÀÀstetyn elĂ€vĂ€n ja kuolleen puuston tilavuus, luontokohteiden sĂ€ilyminen sekĂ€ uudistushakkuiden elĂ€vĂ€n sÀÀstöpuuston ja kuolleen puuston mÀÀrĂ€. Kaikille tarkasteltaville muuttujille laskettiin vuosittaiset keskiarvot sekĂ€ keskivirheet. Muuttujien keskiarvoista esitetÀÀn aikasarjagraafit, joihin on laskettu 95 %:n luottamusvĂ€lit. Tilastollisesti merkitseviĂ€ muutoksia keskiarvoissa tarkasteltiin sekĂ€ vertaamalla vuosittaisia tuloksia ettĂ€ testaamalla keskiarvojen eroja pidemmillĂ€ jaksoilla. Keskivirheiden avulla arvioitiin kullekin muuttujalle tarvittavaa otoskokoa, kun halutaan havaita esimerkiksi 20 %:n suuruinen muutos vuosien vĂ€lillĂ€ tilastollisesti merkitsevĂ€ksi. VMI-aineistoista laskettiin tietoja mm. metsĂ€lakikohteiden ja arvokkaiden kohteiden pinta-aloista, elĂ€vĂ€n sÀÀstöpuuston ja kuolleen puuston mÀÀristĂ€ hakkuilla sekĂ€ kuolleen puuston sĂ€ilymisestĂ€ hakkuissa. Luontokohteiden keskimÀÀrĂ€inen osuus koko tarkastelujaksolla on ollut 2,7 %. TĂ€stĂ€ metsĂ€lakikohteiden osuus on ollut 0,7 %. Vuonna 2005 voimaan astuneen FSCS-sertifioinnin vaatimuksista poistettiin velvoite turvata tiettyjĂ€ luontokohteita, minkĂ€ seurauksena sertifioinnin turvaamien kohteiden osuus laski 0,6 %:sta 0,04 %:iin. Valtaosa nĂ€istĂ€ kohteista nĂ€ytti siirtyneen muihin huomionarvoisiin luontokohteisiin, joiden keskimÀÀrĂ€inen osuus on ollut 1,6 %. Muiden luontokohteiden osuudessa on kuitenkin viime vuosina ollut laskeva trendi, ja arviointijakson kolmen viimeisen vuoden aikana niiden osuus on ollut keskimÀÀrin vain 0,6 %. Tulos viittaa siihen, ettĂ€ muita arvokkaita luontokohteita on jÀÀnyt aiempaa enemmĂ€n huomiotta joko hakkuiden ja uudistamistöiden toteutuksessa tai luonnonhoidon laadun arvioinnissa. Tulos korostaa sitĂ€, ettĂ€ luontokohteiden mÀÀrĂ€n ja osuuden sĂ€ilymistĂ€ metsĂ€nkĂ€sittelyssĂ€ on tarpeen jatkossakin seurata, jotta satunnaisvaihtelu pystytÀÀn erottamaan todellisista muutoksista. Muiden luontokohteiden osuuden lasku nĂ€kyy vastaavana laskuna myös luontokohteille sÀÀstetyn elĂ€vĂ€n ja kuolleen puuston mÀÀrissĂ€. SÀÀstöpuuston keskimÀÀrĂ€inen tilavuus uudistushakkuilla on pysynyt melko tasaisena. SÀÀstöpuuston tilavuus laski 2000-luvun alkuvuosista 2010-luvun alkuun. Viimeiset vuodet sÀÀstöpuumÀÀrÀÀn on vaikuttanut PEFC-sertifioinnin muutos, jossa sÀÀstöpuiden jĂ€ttĂ€mistĂ€ on alettu edellyttÀÀ jokaiselta leimikolta, ja sÀÀstöpuiden minimimÀÀrĂ€ nostettiin 10 puuhun per hehtaari. TĂ€mĂ€n jĂ€lkeen sÀÀstöpuiden kappalemÀÀrĂ€ on hiukan kasvanut, mutta sÀÀstöpuiden puukohtainen keskitilavuus on laskenut. SÀÀstöpuuvalinta on selvĂ€sti kohdentunut jĂ€reisiin lehtipuihin ja erityisesti haapaan, sillĂ€ nĂ€mĂ€ ovat sÀÀstöpuuryhmissĂ€ paremmin edustettuina kuin metsien puustossa keskimÀÀrin. Haavan ja raidan osuus sÀÀstöpuustosta on noin 20 %, kun muun lehtipuuston kuin koivun osuus koko puustosta on vain vĂ€hĂ€n yli 3 %. Luonnonhoidon laadun seurannassa arvioitu tai mitattu uudistushakkuiden kuolleen puun mÀÀrĂ€ on mitĂ€ todennĂ€köisimmin systemaattinen aliarvio. Keskitilavuuden arvio on vain 1 m3/ha, kun VMI:n tuottama arvio avohakkuualojen kuolleen puun keskitilavuudesta on lĂ€hes kuusinkertainen, vĂ€hĂ€n alle 6 m3/ha. Luonnonhoidon laadun seurannassa ei tosin mitata 10–20 cm lĂ€pimittaista kuollutta puuta toisin kuin VMI:ssa, mikĂ€ voi selittÀÀ osan tilavuuden erosta. Kuolleen puuston sĂ€ilyminen hakkuissa on keskeinen luonnonhoidon laadun arvioinnissa seurattava muuttuja, joten jatkossa tulee pyrkiĂ€ sen mittaustarkkuuden parantamiseen. Luonnonhoidon laadun kokonaisarvio on ollut viime vuosina hyvĂ€ noin 70 %:ssa leimikoita, mikĂ€ tarkoittaa sitĂ€, ettĂ€ luonnonhoito on ollut metsĂ€sertifioinnin ja metsĂ€nhoitosuositusten mukaisella tasolla. Sellaisten leimikoiden, joissa luonnonhoidon taso on arvioitu erinomaiseksi, osuus on ollut parhaimmillaan 2000-luvulla noin 30 %, mutta on viime vuosina laskenut noin 15 %:n tasolle. Vastaavasti hyvĂ€ksi tai vĂ€lttĂ€vĂ€ksi arvioitujen leimikoiden osuus on kasvanut. Laadunarvioinnin tulosten valossa talousmetsien luonnonhoito on 20 vuoden aikana heijastellut sille lainsÀÀdĂ€nnössĂ€ ja sertifioinnissa asetettuja kriteereitĂ€. Jos kriteereissĂ€ ei ole tapahtunut merkittĂ€viĂ€ muutoksia, myös toteutus on pysynyt suunnilleen samalla tasolla. MissÀÀn seurattavissa muuttujissa ei ole tapahtunut dramaattisia muutoksia. Toisaalta luonnonhoidon taso ei suosituksista ja neuvonnasta huolimatta ole 2000-luvun alusta lĂ€htien parantunut, vaan taso on pĂ€invastoin laskenut 2010-luvulla. Tarkastelujakson viimeisten viiden vuoden (2014–2018) aikana luonnonhoidon taso on mÀÀrĂ€llisissĂ€ muuttujissa keskimÀÀrin noin 20 % heikompi kuin mitĂ€ se oli 2000-luvulla, ja lĂ€hes 30 % heikompi kuin mitĂ€ se on ollut parhaalla viisivuotisjaksolla aikavĂ€lillĂ€ 1998–2009. Luonnonhoidon laadun nykyinen otoskoko, noin 350 leimikkoa vuodessa, riittÀÀ sÀÀstöpuuston sekĂ€ kohtuullisella luotettavuudella uudistushakkuiden kuolleen puuston muutosten seurantaan. Luontokohteiden osuuksien arvioimiseen ja seurantaan tarvitaan huomattavasti suurempia, suuruusluokkaa 1000–5000 olevia otoskokoja. Yleisesti ottaen suuri otoskoko tarvitaan sellaisten muuttujien luotettavaan seurantaan, joiden arvoissa on paljon leimikoiden vĂ€listĂ€ satunnaista vaihtelua, kuten esimerkiksi metsĂ€lakikohteiden osuus. Vastaavasti pienempi otoskoko tarvitaan sellaisten muuttujien seurantaan, joiden arvot vaihtelevat vĂ€hemmĂ€n leimikoiden vĂ€lillĂ€, kuten esimerkiksi sÀÀstöpuuston tilavuus uudistushakkuilla. Muuttujan keskiarvon tilastollisesti merkitsevĂ€n pienenemisen havaitsemiseen vaaditaan aina pienempi otoskoko kuin vastaavan suuruisen keskiarvon kasvun havaitsemiseen. Luonnonhoidon laadun seurannassa tullaan jatkossa siirtymÀÀn yhĂ€ enemmĂ€n digitaalisten aineistojen hyödyntĂ€miseen, kuten satelliittikuvien ja drone-kuvauksen kĂ€yttöön. TĂ€mĂ€ tulee sekĂ€ parantamaan useiden seurattavien muuttujien (mm. elĂ€vĂ€ sÀÀstöpuusto, kuollut puu hakkuilla) mittauksen tarkkuutta ettĂ€ alentamaan seurannan kustannuksia. Jatkossa on mittausmenetelmien kehittĂ€misen lisĂ€ksi syytĂ€ kiinnittÀÀ enemmĂ€n huomiota myös siihen, ettĂ€ otoskoko on seurannan tarpeisiin riittĂ€vĂ€. RiittĂ€vĂ€ otoskoko riippuu siitĂ€ 1) mitĂ€ muuttujia halutaan seurata, 2) mitkĂ€ ovat niiden keskiarvot ja keskivirheet aineistossa, 3) kuinka suuria muutoksia halutaan luotettavasti pystyĂ€ todentamaan ja 4) onko seurantatuloksia tarpeen saada vuosittain vai pidemmĂ€llĂ€ aikavĂ€lillĂ€. Tarvittavaa otoskokoa pystytÀÀn arvioimaan raportissa kuvatuilla menetelmillĂ€. Raportti on osa Luontolaatu-hanketta. Hankkeen pÀÀtavoitteena on tuottaa tarvittava tietopohja talousmetsien luonnonhoidon laadun seurannan uudistamiseksi. Raportti auttaa pÀÀtöksentekijöitĂ€ arvioimaan, miltĂ€ osin seurantaa on hyödyllistĂ€ jatkaa nykyisessĂ€ muodossaan.202

    Forecasting Tunisian type 2 diabetes prevalence to 2027: validation of a simple model.

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    BACKGROUND: Most projections of type 2 diabetes (T2D) prevalence are simply based on demographic change (i.e. ageing). We developed a model to predict future trends in T2D prevalence in Tunisia, explicitly taking into account trends in major risk factors (obesity and smoking). This could improve assessment of policy options for prevention and health service planning. METHODS: The IMPACT T2D model uses a Markov approach to integrate population, obesity and smoking trends to estimate future T2D prevalence. We developed a model for the Tunisian population from 1997 to 2027, and validated the model outputs by comparing with a subsequent T2D prevalence survey conducted in 2005. RESULTS: The model estimated that the prevalence of T2D among Tunisians aged over 25 years was 12.0% in 1997 (95% confidence intervals 9.6%-14.4%), increasing to 15.1% (12.5%-17.4%) in 2005. Between 1997 and 2005, observed prevalence in men increased from 13.5% to 16.1% and in women from 12.9% to 14.1%. The model forecast for a dramatic rise in prevalence by 2027 (26.6% overall, 28.6% in men and 24.7% in women). However, if obesity prevalence declined by 20% in the 10 years from 2013, and if smoking decreased by 20% over 10 years from 2009, a 3.3% reduction in T2D prevalence could be achieved in 2027 (2.5% in men and 4.1% in women). CONCLUSIONS: This innovative model provides a reasonably close estimate of T2D prevalence for Tunisia over the 1997-2027 period. Diabetes burden is now a significant public health challenge. Our model predicts that this burden will increase significantly in the next two decades. Tackling obesity, smoking and other T2D risk factors thus needs urgent action. Tunisian decision makers have therefore defined two strategies: obesity reduction and tobacco control. Responses will be evaluated in future population surveys

    Computer-generated structured electronic medical records are preferable to conventional medical records for patients with acute abdominal pain : a prospective, double-blinded study

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    Objectives: Structured medical records improve readability and ensure the inclusion of information necessary for correct diagnosis and treatment. This is the first study to assess the quality of computer-generated structured medical records by comparing them to conventional medical records on patients with acute abdominal pain. Materials and methods: A prospective double-blinded study was conducted in a tertiary referral center emergency department between January 2018 and June 2018. Patients were examined by emergency department physicians and by experience and inexperienced researcher. The researchers used a new electronical medical records system, which gathered data during the examination and the system generate structured medical records containing natural language. Conventional medical records dictated by physician and computer-generated medical records were compared by a group of independent clinicians. Results: Ninety-nine patients were included. The overall quality of the computer-generated medical records was better than the quality of conventional human-generated medical records – the structure was similar or better in 99% of cases and the readability was similar or better in 86% of cases, p < 0.001. The quality of medical history, current illness, and findings of physical examinations were likewise better with the computer-generated recording. The results were similar when patients were examined by experienced or inexperienced researcher using the computer-generated recording. Discussion: The quality of computer-generated structured medical records was superior to that of conventional medical records. The quality remained similar regardless of the researcher’s level of experience. The system allows automatic risk scoring and easy access for quality control of patient care. We therefore consider that it would be useful in wider practice.publishedVersionPeer reviewe

    Factors Affecting European Farmers’Participation in Biodiversity Policies

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    This article reports the major findings from an interdisciplinary research project that synthesises key insights into farmers’ willingness and ability to co-operate with biodiversity policies. The results of the study are based on an assessment of about 160 publications and research reports from six EU member states and from international comparative research.We developed a conceptual framework to systematically review the existent literature relevant for our purposes. This framework provides a common structure for analysing farmers’ perspectives regarding the introduction into farming practices of measures relevant to biodiversity. The analysis is coupled and contrasted with a survey of experts. The results presented above suggest that it is important to view support for practices oriented towards biodiversity protection not in a static sense – as a situation determined by one or several influencing factors – but rather as a process marked by interaction. Financial compensation and incentives function as a necessary, though clearly not sufficient condition in this process

    Sustaining modified behaviours learnt in a diabetes prevention program in regional Australia : the role of social context

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    BackgroundThe Greater Green Triangle diabetes prevention program was conducted in primary health care setting of Victoria and South Australia in 2004--2006. This program demonstrated significant reductions in diabetes risk factors which were largely sustained at 18 month follow-up. The theoretical model utilised in this program achieved its outcomes through improvements in coping self-efficacy and planning. Previous evaluations have concentrated on the behavioural components of the intervention. Other variables external to the main research design may have contributed to the success factors but have yet to be identified. The objective of this evaluation was to identify the extent to which participants in a diabetes prevention program sustained lifestyle changes several years after completing the program and to identify contextual factors that contributed to sustaining changes.MethodsA qualitative evaluation was conducted. Five focus groups were held with people who had completed a diabetes prevention program, several years later to assess the degree to which they had sustained program strategies and to identify contributing factors.ResultsParticipants value the recruitment strategy. Involvement in their own risk assessment was a strong motivator. Learning new skills gave participants a sense of empowerment. Receiving regular pathology reports was a means of self-assessment and a motivator to continue. Strong family and community support contributed to personal motivation and sustained practice.ConclusionsFamily and local community supports constitute the contextual variables reported to contribute to sustained motivation after the program was completed. Behaviour modification programs can incorporate strategies to ensure these factors are recognised and if necessary, strengthened at the local level.<br /

    Frontiers in quantifying wildlife behavioural responses to chemical pollution

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    Animal behaviour is remarkably sensitive to disruption by chemical pollution, with widespread implications for ecological and evolutionary processes in contaminated wildlife populations. However, conventional approaches applied to study the impacts of chemical pollutants on wildlife behaviour seldom address the complexity of natural environments in which contamination occurs. The aim of this review is to guide the rapidly developing field of behavioural ecotoxicology towards increased environmental realism, ecological complexity, and mechanistic understanding. We identify research areas in ecology that to date have been largely overlooked within behavioural ecotoxicology but which promise to yield valuable insights, including within- and among-individual variation, social networks and collective behaviour, and multi-stressor interactions. Further, we feature methodological and technological innovations that enable the collection of data on pollutant-induced behavioural changes at an unprecedented resolution and scale in the laboratory and the field. In an era of rapid environmental change, there is an urgent need to advance our understanding of the real-world impacts of chemical pollution on wildlife behaviour. This review therefore provides a roadmap of the major outstanding questions in behavioural ecotoxicology and highlights the need for increased cross-talk with other disciplines in order to find the answers
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