Inert gas clearance from tissue by co-currently and counter-currently arranged microvessels

To elucidate the clearance of dissolved inert gas from tissues, we have developed numerical models of gas transport in a cylindrical block of tissue supplied by one or two capillaries. With two capillaries, attention is given to the effects of co-current and counter-current flow on tissue gas clearance. Clearance by counter-current flow is compared with clearance by a single capillary or by two co-currently arranged capillaries. Effects of the blood velocity, solubility, and diffusivity of the gas in the tissue are investigated using parameters with physiological values. It is found that under the conditions investigated, almost identical clearances are achieved by a single capillary as by a co-current pair when the total flow per tissue volume in each unit is the same (i.e., flow velocity in the single capillary is twice that in each co-current vessel). For both co-current and counter-current arrangements, approximate linear relations exist between the tissue gas clearance rate and tissue blood perfusion rate. However, the counter-current arrangement of capillaries results in less-efficient clearance of the inert gas from tissues. Furthermore, this difference in efficiency increases at higher blood flow rates. At a given blood flow, the simple conduction-capacitance model, which has been used to estimate tissue blood perfusion rate from inert gas clearance, underestimates gas clearance rates predicted by the numerical models for single vessel or for two vessels with co-current flow. This difference is accounted for in discussion, which also considers the choice of parameters and possible effects of microvascular architecture on the interpretation of tissue inert gas clearance

Tingkat Partisipasi Anggota Kelompok Tani Dalam Upaya Peningkatan Produktivitas Usahatani Padi Sawah Di Kelurahan Tuatuka Kecamatan Kupang Timur Kabupaten Kupang.

The purpose of the research are to know: (1) participation level of farmer’s group member in eforts of wet rice field productivity increasing at Tuatuka Village East Kupang Subdistrict Kupang Regency (2) farmers group member association in participation as increasing eforts wet rice field productivity. (3) there is or no difference from both on farmer groups in participation as eforts of wet rice field productivity increasing. (4) to identify obstacles faced by farmer in eforts of wet rice field productivity increasing. This research using survey method. Sample of location was purposive sampling determination namely Tuatuka Village East Kupang Subdistrict Kupang Regency. There are two farmer groups determining by purposive sampling as sample of farmer group from 23 farmer groups namely Rukun Makmur farmer group as group with more member and Sumber Berkat farmer group as group with less member. The number of member of both farmer group as many as 140 farmers, and by using Slovin formulas obtained sample of farmer as many as 58 farmers. Data analysis used in this research namely Qualitative descriptive analysis, percentage and average analysis by using Likert scale approach, Chi Square analysis with model of Contingency, and Kruskal Wallis analysis. Result of research indicated that participation level of Rukun Makmur farmer Group as big as 83,66% and was on “High” category and Sumber Berkat Farmer Grup as big as 87,50% on “Very High” category. So that, both of farmer group had already well done every participation stage. The results of the Chi-Square analysis show that there is no association between the two farmer groups in terms of participation. And the results of the Kruskal Wallis analysis statistically also showed no difference between the two farmer groups in terms of participation. The obstacles which faced by farmer at the research location namely low level of formal education of farmer, regulation and punishment of group which undistinct in applying. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk : (1) Mengetahui tingkat partisipasi anggota kelompok tani dalam upaya peningkatan produktivitas usahatani padi sawah di Kelurahan Tuatuka Kecamatan Kupang Timur Kabupaten Kupang (2) Mengetahui asosiasi anggota kelompok dalam hal partisipasi sebagai upaya peningkatan produktivitas usahatani padi sawah. (3) Mengetahui ada atau tidaknya perbedaan dari kedua kelompok tani dalam hal partisipasi sebagai upaya peningkatan produktivitas usahatani padi sawah. (4) Mengidentifikasi kendala yang dihadapi anggota kelompok tani dalam upaya peningkatan produktivitas usahatani padi sawah. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode survei. Lokasi sampel ditentukan secara purposive sampling yaitu pada Kelurahan Tuatuka Kecamatan Kupang Timur Kabupaten Kupang. Populasi penelitian yang dijadikan sampel hanya 2 kelompok tani dari 23 kelompok yang ada pada kelurahan tersebut, yakni Kelompok Tani Rukun Makmur dan Kelompok Tani Sumber Berkat. Kedua kelompok tersebut mewakili kelompok tani dengan jumlah terbanyak dan tersedikit dengan jumlah kedua kelompok tani sebanyak 140 orang petani sampel diambil dari masing-masing kelompok tani dengan rumus slovin sehingga diperoleh petani sampel sebanyak 58 orang. Analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis deskriptif kualiatatif, analisis rata-rata dan persentase dengan menggunakan pendekatan skala likert, analisis chi square dengan model matriks kontingensi, serta analisis kruskal wallis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat partisipasi kelompok tani Rukun Makmur adalah sebesar 83,66% berada pada kategori “Tinggi” dan kelompok tani Sumber Berkat sebesar 87,50% berada pada kategori “Sangat Tinggi”.dengan demikian kedua kelompok telah melaksanakan setiap tahapan partisipasi dengan baik. Hasil analisis Chi Square menunjukan tidak ada asosiasi antara kedua kelompok tani dalam hal partisipasi. Dan hasil analisis Kruskal Wallis secara statistik juga menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan antara kedua kelompok tani dalam hal partisipasi. Kendala yang dihadapi petani di lokasi penelitian yaitu masih rendahnya tingkat pendidikan yang dimiliki petani serta aturan dan sanksi kelompok yang kurang tegas diberlakukan

ASSESSMENT OF THE ADSORPTION OF AEROMONAS HYDROPHILA ON POLYTHENE IN SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE TREATED WATER

A study was carried out on Aeromonas hydrophila adhesion to polythene fragment at different cell growth phases in aquatic microcosm. The main purpose of this study was to assess adsorption capacity, adsorption intensity and kinetics of Aeromonas hydrophila on polythene in sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) disinfected water. The mean abundance of adhered A. hydrophila sometimes reached 28 and 111CFU.cm-2 respectively in NaOCl and H2O2 treated water. The adsorption capacities of A. hydrophila cells fluctuated between 1 and 2.12x1057 and between 1 and 2.29x1027 adhered cells.cm-2 in NaOCl and H2O2 disinfected water respectively. The adsorption intensities of this bacterium ranged from -45.81 to 3.49x1019 and from 0.16 to 2.29x1027 respectively in NaOCl and H2O2 treated water. Adsorption capacity and adsorption intensity of A. hydrophila cells on polythene in NaOCl treated water were greater than that obtained in water disinfected with H2O2. Adhesion kinetics of A. hydrophila cells oscillated between 0.001 and 0.930 adhered cell.cm-2.h-1. Adsorption kinetics seem resulted from interactions between bacterial cells and substrates, and depended both on the fragment type and bacterial species. The values of A. hydrophila surface hydrophobicity fluctuated between 65.11 and 92.74% in NaOCl disinfected water and between 63.38 and 89.41% in H2O2 treated water. The mean values of contact angle ranged from 83.1±0.6 to 85.8±0.8°.   Adhesion of A. hydrophila on polythene is mediated amongst others by cell growth phases, cell surface hydrophobicity, cell kinetic adhesion, adsorption capacity and adsorption intensity

Type 2 Diabetes Risk Alleles Are Associated With Reduced Size at Birth

OBJECTIVE: Low birth weight is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. The mechanisms underlying this association are unknown and may represent intrauterine programming or two phenotypes of one genotype. The fetal insulin hypothesis proposes that common genetic variants that reduce insulin secretion or action may predispose to type 2 diabetes and also reduce birth weight, since insulin is a key fetal growth factor. We tested whether common genetic variants that predispose to type 2 diabetes also reduce birth weight. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We genotyped single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at five recently identified type 2 diabetes loci (CDKAL1, CDKN2A/B, HHEX-IDE, IGF2BP2, and SLC30A8) in 7,986 mothers and 19,200 offspring from four studies of white Europeans. We tested the association between maternal or fetal genotype at each locus and birth weight of the offspring. RESULTS: We found that type 2 diabetes risk alleles at the CDKAL1 and HHEX-IDE loci were associated with reduced birth weight when inherited by the fetus (21 g [95% CI 11-31], P = 2 x 10(-5), and 14 g [4-23], P = 0.004, lower birth weight per risk allele, respectively). The 4% of offspring carrying four risk alleles at these two loci were 80 g (95% CI 39-120) lighter at birth than the 8% carrying none (P(trend) = 5 x 10(-7)). There were no associations between birth weight and fetal genotypes at the three other loci or maternal genotypes at any locus. CONCLUSIONS: Our results are in keeping with the fetal insulin hypothesis and provide robust evidence that common disease-associated variants can alter size at birth directly through the fetal genotype

Improved genetic testing for monogenic diabetes using targeted next-generation sequencing

addresses: Institute for Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK. [email protected]: PMCID: PMC3737433types: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tOpen Access ArticleCurrent genetic tests for diagnosing monogenic diabetes rely on selection of the appropriate gene for analysis according to the patient's phenotype. Next-generation sequencing enables the simultaneous analysis of multiple genes in a single test. Our aim was to develop a targeted next-generation sequencing assay to detect mutations in all known MODY and neonatal diabetes genes

Impact of FTO genotypes on BMI and weight in polycystic ovary syndrome : a systematic review and meta-analysis

Aims/hypothesis FTO gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been shown to be associated with obesity-related traits and type 2 diabetes. Several small studies have suggested a greater than expected effect of the FTO rs9939609 SNP on weight in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). We therefore aimed to examine the impact of FTO genotype on BMI and weight in PCOS. Methods A systematic search of medical databases (PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane CENTRAL) was conducted up to the end of April 2011. Seven studies describing eight distinct PCOS cohorts were retrieved; seven were genotyped for SNP rs9939609 and one for SNP rs1421085. The per allele effect on BMI and body weight increase was calculated and subjected to meta-analysis. Results A total of 2,548 women with PCOS were included in the study; 762 were TT homozygotes, 1,253 had an AT/CT genotype, and 533 were AA/CC homozygotes. Each additional copy of the effect allele (A/C) increased the BMI by a mean of 0.19 z score units (95% CI 0.13, 0.24; p = 2.26 × 10−11) and body weight by a mean of 0.20 z score units (95% CI 0.14, 0.26; p = 1.02 × 10−10). This translated into an approximately 3.3 kg/m2 increase in BMI and an approximately 9.6 kg gain in body weight between TT and AA/CC homozygotes. The association between FTO genotypes and BMI was stronger in the cohorts with PCOS than in the general female populations from large genome-wide association studies. Deviation from an additive genetic model was observed in heavier populations. Conclusions/interpretation The effect of FTO SNPs on obesity-related traits in PCOS seems to be more than two times greater than the effect found in large population-based studies. This suggests an interaction between FTO and the metabolic context or polygenic background of PCOS

Allelic expression analysis of the osteoarthritis susceptibility locus that maps to MICAL3

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>A genome-wide association scan with subsequent replication study that involved over 67,000 individuals of European ancestry has produced evidence of association of single nucleotide polymorphism rs2277831 to primary osteoarthritis (OA) with a P-value of 2.9 × 10^-5. rs2277831, an A/G transition, is located in an intron of <it>MICAL3</it>. This gene is located on chromosome 22q11.21 and the association signal encompasses two additional genes, <it>BCL2L13 </it>and <it>BID</it>. It is becoming increasingly apparent that many common complex traits are mediated by <it>cis</it>-acting regulatory polymorphisms that influence, in a tissue-specific manner, gene expression or transcript stability.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We used total and allelic expression analysis to assess whether the OA association to rs2277831 is mediated by an influence on MICAL3, BCL2L13 or BID expression. Using RNA extracted from joint tissues of 60 patients who had undergone elective joint replacement surgery, we assessed whether rs2277831 correlated with allelic expression of either of the three genes by: 1) measuring the expression of each gene by quantitative PCR and then stratifying the data by genotype at rs2277831 and 2) accurately discriminating and quantifying the mRNA synthesised from the alleles of OA patients using allelic-quantitative PCR.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We found no evidence for a correlation between gene expression and genotype at rs2277831, with P-values of 0.09 for <it>BCL2L13</it>, 0.07 for <it>BID </it>and 0.33 for <it>MICAL3</it>. In the allelic expression analysis we observed several examples of significant (p < 0.05) allelic imbalances, with an allelic expression ratio of 2.82 observed in <it>BCL2L13 </it>(P = 0.004), 2.09 at <it>BID </it>(P = 0.001) and the most extreme case being at <it>MICAL3</it>, with an allelic expression ratio of 5.47 (P = 0.001). However, there was no correlation observed between the pattern of allelic expression and the genotype at rs2277831.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>In the tissues that we have studied, our data do not support our hypothesis that the association between rs2277831 and OA is due to the effect this SNP has on <it>MICAL3, BCL2L13 </it>or <it>BID </it>gene expression. Instead, our data point towards other functional effects accounting for the OA associated signal.</p

TEAD and YAP regulate the enhancer network of human embryonic pancreatic progenitors.

The genomic regulatory programmes that underlie human organogenesis are poorly understood. Pancreas development, in particular, has pivotal implications for pancreatic regeneration, cancer and diabetes. We have now characterized the regulatory landscape of embryonic multipotent progenitor cells that give rise to all pancreatic epithelial lineages. Using human embryonic pancreas and embryonic-stem-cell-derived progenitors we identify stage-specific transcripts and associated enhancers, many of which are co-occupied by transcription factors that are essential for pancreas development. We further show that TEAD1, a Hippo signalling effector, is an integral component of the transcription factor combinatorial code of pancreatic progenitor enhancers. TEAD and its coactivator YAP activate key pancreatic signalling mediators and transcription factors, and regulate the expansion of pancreatic progenitors. This work therefore uncovers a central role for TEAD and YAP as signal-responsive regulators of multipotent pancreatic progenitors, and provides a resource for the study of embryonic development of the human pancreas