Beyond Convergence versus Path Dependence: The Internationalization of Industrial Relations at Ford Germany and Britain (1967-1985)

For a long time scholars of industrial relations tended to associate notions of internationalization with the debate about the cross-border convergence of industrial relations systems. Convergence versus path dependence was thus a key controversy in industrial relations studies for decades. This debate was mirrored in multinational companies when their attempts to “export” industrial relations practices to foreign subsidiaries encountered host country influences that constrained such attempts. In recent years many scholars shown the need for a wider and more complex analysis of internationalization processes that goes beyond the convergence/path dependence dichotomy. Building on this development, the paper presents a historical case study of the impact of cross-border subsidiary integration on industrial relations at Ford Germany and Ford UK between 1967 and 1985. I argue that convergence and path dependence need to be combined with a third “differential internationalization” approach that reflects the country-specific gradual change that emerges from subsidiary ntegration. The paper concludes by reflecting on the implications of the case study for contemporary internationalization debates.In der vergleichenden Forschung zu industriellen Beziehungen sind Internationalisierungsprozesse lange vor allem im Hinblick auf eine mögliche Konvergenz nationaler Modelle diskutiert worden. Konvergenz versus Pfadabhängigkeit entwickelte sich zu einer der zentralen Debatten. In der Forschung über multinationale Firmen fand diese Debatte ihr Äquivalent in der Gegenüberstellung von „Exportversuchen“ durch Firmenzentralen und deren Beschränkung durch Regulierung im Empfängerland. In jüngster Zeit haben jedoch viele Autoren darauf hingewiesen, dass eine komplexere Analyse von Internationaliserungsprozessen notwendig ist, welche über die Dichotomie zwischen Konvergenz und Pfadabhängigkeit hinausgeht. Der Artikel schließt an diese Ansätze an und präsentiert eine historische Fallstudie über den Einfluss grenzüberschreitender Integration von Tochtergesellschaften auf die industriellen Beziehungen bei Ford in Deutschland und Großbritannien zwischen 1967 und 1985. Ich argumentiere, dass „Konvergenz“ und „Pfadabhängigkeit“ mit einem dritten Ansatz verbunden werden sollten, den man als „differentielle Internationalisierung“ bezeichnen kann, da er jeweils landesspezifischen graduellen Wandlungsprozessen nachgeht, die aus der Integration von Tochtergesellschaften erwachsen. Im Schlussteil wird versucht, einige Implikationen der Fallstudie für die gegenwärtige Internationaliserungsdebatte herauszuarbeiten.1 Introduction 2 Conceptual framework: Convergence, path dependence, and differential internationalization 3 Industrial relations at Ford UK and Germany 1967–1985: The context The British and German postwar industrial relations systems Ford’s European reorganization: Towards cross-border subsidiary integration 4 Internationalization of industrial relations at Ford UK and Germany United Kingdom Germany 5 Beyond convergence versus path dependence: Explaining the internationalization of industrial relations at Ford UK and Germany 6 Conclusions Reference

Beyond Convergence versus Path Dependence: The Internationalization of Industrial Relations at Ford Germany and Britain (1967-1985)

For a long time scholars of industrial relations tended to associate notions of internationalization with the debate about the cross-border convergence of industrial relations systems. Convergence versus path dependence was thus a key controversy in industrial relations studies for decades. This debate was mirrored in multinational companies when their attempts to “export” industrial relations practices to foreign subsidiaries encountered host country influences that constrained such attempts. In recent years many scholars shown the need for a wider and more complex analysis of internationalization processes that goes beyond the convergence/path dependence dichotomy. Building on this development, the paper presents a historical case study of the impact of cross-border subsidiary integration on industrial relations at Ford Germany and Ford UK between 1967 and 1985. I argue that convergence and path dependence need to be combined with a third “differential internationalization” approach that reflects the country-specific gradual change that emerges from subsidiary ntegration. The paper concludes by reflecting on the implications of the case study for contemporary internationalization debates.In der vergleichenden Forschung zu industriellen Beziehungen sind Internationalisierungsprozesse lange vor allem im Hinblick auf eine mögliche Konvergenz nationaler Modelle diskutiert worden. Konvergenz versus Pfadabhängigkeit entwickelte sich zu einer der zentralen Debatten. In der Forschung über multinationale Firmen fand diese Debatte ihr Äquivalent in der Gegenüberstellung von „Exportversuchen“ durch Firmenzentralen und deren Beschränkung durch Regulierung im Empfängerland. In jüngster Zeit haben jedoch viele Autoren darauf hingewiesen, dass eine komplexere Analyse von Internationaliserungsprozessen notwendig ist, welche über die Dichotomie zwischen Konvergenz und Pfadabhängigkeit hinausgeht. Der Artikel schließt an diese Ansätze an und präsentiert eine historische Fallstudie über den Einfluss grenzüberschreitender Integration von Tochtergesellschaften auf die industriellen Beziehungen bei Ford in Deutschland und Großbritannien zwischen 1967 und 1985. Ich argumentiere, dass „Konvergenz“ und „Pfadabhängigkeit“ mit einem dritten Ansatz verbunden werden sollten, den man als „differentielle Internationalisierung“ bezeichnen kann, da er jeweils landesspezifischen graduellen Wandlungsprozessen nachgeht, die aus der Integration von Tochtergesellschaften erwachsen. Im Schlussteil wird versucht, einige Implikationen der Fallstudie für die gegenwärtige Internationaliserungsdebatte herauszuarbeiten.1 Introduction 2 Conceptual framework: Convergence, path dependence, and differential internationalization 3 Industrial relations at Ford UK and Germany 1967–1985: The context The British and German postwar industrial relations systems Ford’s European reorganization: Towards cross-border subsidiary integration 4 Internationalization of industrial relations at Ford UK and Germany United Kingdom Germany 5 Beyond convergence versus path dependence: Explaining the internationalization of industrial relations at Ford UK and Germany 6 Conclusions Reference

Cost-benefit analysis for software process improvement

Justification of investments to improve software development processes and technol- ogy continues to be a significant challenge for software management. Managers interested in improving quality, cost, and cycle-time of their products have a large set of methods, tools, and techniques from which to choose. The implementation of one or more of these potential improvements can require considerable time and cost. Decision makers must be able to understand the benefits from each proposed improvement and decide which improvements to implement. While a variety of approaches exist for evaluating the costs and benefits of a few specific improvements such as inspections or systematic reuse, there is no general model for evaluating software process improvements. The result of this research is a practical, useful framework to assist practitioners in evaluating potential process improvements. This general framework can accommodate a variety of methods for estimating the cost-benefit effects of a process change. To illustrate this framework a set of cost-benefit templates for Emerald and Cleanroom technologies were developed and validated. Methods for evaluating effects range from constants and simple equations to bayesian decision models and dynamic process simulations. A prototype tool was developed to assist in performing cost-benefit analysis of software process improvements

Catalase-Containing Silica Particles as Ultrasound-Based Hydrogen Peroxide Sensors to Determine Infected From Noninfected Fluid Collections in Humans.

OBJECTIVE. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays a key role in neutrophil oxidative defense against infection. Catalase-containing silica nanoshells are nanoparticles that generate O2 microbubbles imaged with ultrasound in the presence of elevated H2O2. We aimed to determine whether ultrasound-detectable O2 microbubbles produced by catalase-containing silica nanoshells can determine whether fluid collections drained from patients are infected. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. During this HIPAA-compliant, institutional review board-approved study, 52 human fluid samples were collected from clinically required image-guided percutaneous drainage procedures. Catalase-containing silica nanoshells were added to the fluid samples during imaging in real time using a Sequoia-512 15L8-S linear transducer (Siemens Healthcare). Production of detectable microbubbles was graded subjectively as negative (noninfected) or positive (infected) with low, moderate, or high confidence by a single observer blinded to all clinical data. The truth standard was microbiology laboratory culture results. Performance characteristics including ROC curves were calculated. RESULTS. Microbubble detection to distinguish infected from noninfected fluids was 84% sensitive and 72% specific and offered negative and positive predictive values of 89% and 64%, respectively. The AUC was 0.79. Six of nine false-positive samples were peritoneal fluid collections that were all collected from patients with decompensated cirrhosis. CONCLUSION. The presence of elevated H2O2 indicated by microbubble formation in the presence of catalase-containing silica nanoshells is sensitive in distinguishing infected from noninfected fluids and offers a relatively high negative predictive value. False-positive cases may result from noninfectious oxidative stress. Catalase-containing silica nanoshells may constitute a novel point-of-care test performed at time of percutaneous drainage, potentially obviating placement of drains into otherwise sterile collections and minimizing risk of secondary infection or other complication

Phase transition in nanomagnetite

Recently, the application of nanosized magnetite particles became an area of growing interest for their potential practical applications. Nanosized magnetite samples of 36 and 9 nm sizes were synthesized. Special care was taken on the right stoichiometry of the magnetite particles. Mössbauer spectroscopy measurements were made in 4.2–300 K temperature range. The temperature dependence of the intensities of the spectral components indicated size dependent transition taking place in a broad temperature range. For nanosized samples, the hyperfine interaction values and their relative intensities changed above the Verwey transition temperature value of bulk megnetite. The continuous transition indicated the formation of dendritelike granular assemblies formed during the preparation of the samples

The recycling rate of atmospheric moisture over the past two decades (1988–2009)

Numerical models predict that the recycling rate of atmospheric moisture decreases with time at the global scale, in response to global warming. A recent observational study (Wentz et al 2007 Science 317 233–5) did not agree with the results from numerical models. Here, we examine the recycling rate by using the latest data sets for precipitation and water vapor, and suggest a consistent view of the global recycling rate of atmospheric moisture between numerical models and observations. Our analyses show that the recycling rate of atmospheric moisture has also decreased over the global oceans during the past two decades. In addition, we find different temporal variations of the recycling rate in different regions when exploring the spatial pattern of the recycling rate. In particular, the recycling rate has increased in the high-precipitation region around the equator (i.e., the intertropical convergence zone) and decreased in the low-precipitation region located either side of the equator over the past two decades. Further exploration suggests that the temporal variation of precipitation is stronger than that of water vapor, which results in the positive trend of the recycling rate in the high-precipitation region and the negative trend of the recycling rate in the low-precipitation region

Editorial: ultrasound surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma in the 21st century – authors’ reply

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136042/1/apt13910.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136042/2/apt13910_am.pd

Predictors of adequate ultrasound quality for hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in patients with cirrhosis

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/135189/1/apt13841_am.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/135189/2/apt13841.pd

Pessimistic Software Lock-Elision

Read-write locks are one of the most prevalent lock forms in concurrent applications because they allow read accesses to locked code to proceed in parallel. However, they do not offer any parallelism between reads and writes. This paper introduces pessimistic lock-elision (PLE), a new approach for non-speculatively replacing read-write locks with pessimistic (i.e. non-aborting) software transactional code that allows read-write concurrency even for contended code and even if the code includes system calls. On systems with hardware transactional support, PLE will allow failed transactions, or ones that contain system calls, to preserve read-write concurrency. Our PLE algorithm is based on a novel encounter-order design of a fully pessimistic STM system that in a variety of benchmarks spanning from counters to trees, even when up to 40% of calls are mutating the locked structure, provides up to 5 times the performance of a state-of-the-art read-write lock.National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant 1217921