Shell concussion, "shell shock" and allied conditions, results of war strain, or the psycho-neuroses of the war

The subject under review has been most forcibly brought home by this great European War. The manifestations are Protean, and to the patients afflicted, such symptoms are as real as those due to organic disease.The oáuses of the psycho-neuroses of the War - the functional disorders under the name of "Shell Shock' - are emotion and concussion.The continued and long mental strain of anticipation; the nauseating sights around; the new methods of trench warfare with exposure to cold, wet, etc., associated with loss of sleep, all help in lowering the vital resistance of the nervous system of even the strongest men and prepare the way for the crisis.The main etiological factor is emotion.Traumatism alone seldom gives rise to psycho-neurosis.Most of these nerve war-strain disorders result from the same etiological factors, and can be differentiated from organic diseases and their method of treatment is more or less the same.It is necessary in all cases to exclude organic disease and to recognise that these psycho-neuroses are different from cases of malingering.The prognosis on the whole is good.Treatment must be adopt ed at once s must be scientific, individual, and consists mainly of psycho-therapy, psycho-electrical methods and re-educative measures.Alter the war a serious problem will have to be faced, namely: - what is to be done with our War Cripples, not only the physical but the mental.Briefly the problem resolves itself into the profession and the laymen understanding the psychological aspect of these conditions, recognising that they are real, that treatment for such must be scientific, that "colonies" will be useful and necessary for the "mental war cripples" which will be free from the asylum stigma, and where technical workshops, etc., will be erected to fit these men for new employments or re-educate then in their previous trade or calling.Out -patient clinics for psychical disorders should be established and be under University control.In conclusion, it is noteworthy that the German view of, and treatment of, the psycho-neuroses of the war is similar to that of our own.The Germans lay great stress on some form of employment or course of instruction, in various kinds of work, and general industries of the district. Medical Officers state the kind and amount of work to be done, and inspect the men once a week. Carpentry has been found by them the most satisfactory for strengths the muscles of the men, for their return to the front. A point is made of always praising and encouraging the men.Kuhn states "that there are more examples of neuroses in the general wards of Military Hospitals than there are in the Nervous Hospitals and that patients with functional nervous disorders are often treated for heart disease, disease of the lungs, Sciatica, Myalgia, etc." In some cases these disorders are of ideogenous origin, . occurring while away from the front, such cases having little psychical resistance and readily affected by psychical influence".Again Kuhn recommends psychical measures first, and lays great importance on the personality of the physician

Studies on the biology of some species of British corixidae

The life history of the water-bug, Corixa germari (Fieb.) was studied quantitatively in a Derbyshire reservoir and observations on the biology of the species were also made. The eggs of C.germari are firmly attached to stones and are laid chiefly on the undersides or in crevices. The oviposition rate and egg mortality during 1958 were estimated by direct counts of eggs in the field, the abundance of the adults and nymphs was measured in terms of a Standard Net Sweep and the number of eggs laid per female per season was calculated from these data. By means of these methods, it was found that in I958 the breeding adults gave mean catches of 10 per Standard Net Sweep (43% of the adults were females) and that these adults produced 916 eggs. About 530 hatched and, of the nymphs produced, about 80 survived to become adults in the autumn. About 20 of these survived to breed in 1959. Estimates of the density of eggs laid per m(^2) of substratum in 1958 show that the catch per Standard Net Sweep represents about 1/38 of the number of C.germari per m(^2) of substratum. By weighing the various stages in the life history it was shown that the standing crop of C.germari gives a biomass value of2about 20 g. dry weight per m of substratum in the autumn. This is the highest value reached in the course of the season. C.germari has been shown to live at greater depths than most other British species and this may be a means of avoiding the the effects of wave action. Its ability to exploit deep water is coupled with the fact that it visits the surface less often and swims more rapidly than certain shallow water species

Intramolecular hydrogen bonding of (+)-biotin and biotin derivatives in organic solvents

Copyright © ARKAT USA, IncThe document attached has been archived with permission from the publisher.The intramolecular hydrogen bonding of (+)-biotin and biotin derivatives in mixtures of CDCl3 and DMSO-d6 was investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The dynamic changes observed in the chemic al shifts for the 1-NH and 3-NH protons with changes in solvent composition and temperature confirmed the presence of an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the valeryl side chain hydrogen bond acceptor and the 3-NH proton in a range of biotin derivatives.Geoffrey T. Crisp and Yu-Lin Jian

Deuterium on Venus: Observations from Earth

In view of the importance of the deuterium-to-hydrogen ratio in understanding the evolutionary scenario of planetary atmospheres and its relationship to understanding the evolution of our own Earth, we undertook a series of observations designed to resolve previous observational conflicts. We observed the dark side of Venus in the 2.3 micron spectral region in search of both H2O and HDO, which would provide us with the D/H ratio in Venus' atmosphere. We identified a large number of molecular lines in the region, belonging to both molecules, and, using synthetic spectral techniques, obtained mixing ratios of 34 plus or minus 10 ppm and 1.3 plus or minus 0.2 ppm for H2O and HDO, respectively. These mixing ratios yield a D/H ratio for Venus of D/H equals 1.9 plus or minus 0.6 times 10 (exp 12) and 120 plus or minus 40 times the telluric ratio. Although the detailed interpretation is difficult, our observations confirm that the Pioneer Venus Orbiter results and establish that indeed Venus had a period in its early history in which it was very wet, perhaps not unlike the early wet period that seems to have been present on Mars, and that, in contrast to Earth, lost much of its water over geologic time

First year student expectations: Results from a university-wide student survey

Although much has been written on the first-year experience of students at higher education institutions, less attention has been directed to the expectations of students when they enter an institution for the first time. This paper provides additional insights into the expectations of students at an Australian university and highlights areas in which students’ expectations may not necessarily align with the realities of common university practices. By providing opportunities for students to articulate their expectations, staff are able to use the responses for a constructive dialogue and work towards a more positive alignment between perceived expectations and levels of student satisfaction with their experience.Geoffrey Crisp, Edward Palmer, Deborah Turnbull, Ted Nettelbeck, Lynn Ward, Amanda LeCouteur, Aspa Sarris, Peter Strelan, and Luke Schneide