El privilegio de presentación de obispos en España concedido por tres papas al emperador Carlos v (1523-1536)

Cinco pontífices renacentistas resistieron conceder a los Reyes Católicos el alto privilegio de patronato y presentación de obispos a todas las catedrales y abadías consistoriales de sus reinos. Cambiados los signos de los tiempos, Adriano vi concedió en 1523 a Carlos v tan codiciado privilegio y derecho, Clemente vii revocó en 1527 y volvió a confirmar en 1530 la bula de papa Adriano y Paulo iii renovó en 1536 el privilegio como reconocimiento a la ayuda prestada por el emperador al pontificado y a la cristiandad. En el concilio de Trento se trató de plantear la validez de esta concesión, pero la propuesta resultó fuera de orden e inaceptable. Así estuvo en vigor el privilegio hasta la renuncia del rey don Juan Carlos i en 1976.Five renaissance pontiffs resisted the idea of giving the Catholic Monarchs the privilege of patronage, and of the presenting of bishops in all cathedrals and abbeys in the kingdoms. Once times changed, however, Adrian vi conceded Charles v the desired privilege and right in 1523, which Clement vii then revoked in 1527. This was then reconfirmed in the bull issued by Pope Adrian in 1530. Paul iii renewed the privilege in 1536 as a recognition of the help provided by the emperor both to the pontificate and Christianity. The Council of Trent attempted to present the validity of this concession, but this proposal was deemed out of order and unacceptable. The privilege thus remained in place until 1976, when King Juan Carlos I renounced it

Revista de libros

Se reseñan los siguientes libros: - Saúl Taborda: La psicología y la pedagogía. Instituto de Pedagogía de la Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Córdoba, 1959. 1 vol. de 173 págs. - Edmon Michaud: Acción y pensamiento infantiles. Editorial Nova; Biblioteca Nova de Educación, Buenos Aires, 1959. Vol. rústica, 131 págs. Prólogo de Maurice Debesse. Traducción de Susana de Aldecoa. - John I. H. Baur: Revolución y tradición en el arte moderno norteamericano. Editorial Poseidon, Buenos Aires, 1957. Vol. rústica, ilustrado, 188 págs. - Viktor Lowenfeld: El niño y su arte (Traducción de Alfredo M. Ghioldi). Editorial Kapelusz. Biblioteca de Cultura Pedagógica, Buenos Aires, 1958. Vol. rústica, 202 págs. - Ilse T. M. de Brugger: Teatro alemán expresionista. Ed. La Mandragora, Buenos Aires, 1959. Vol. rústica, 172 págs. - José Ortega y Gasset: La idea de principio en Leibniz y la evolución de la teoría deductiva; Emecé Editores, Biblioteca de la Revista de Occidente, Buenos Aires, 1958. Vol. rústica, 444 págs. - Andre Lothe: Los grandes pintores hablan de su arte. Traducción de Horacio A. Maniglia. Edit. Librería Hachette; Buenos Aires, 1958. Vol. de 381 págs.Universidad Nacional de La Plat

Revista de libros

Se reseñan los siguientes libros: - Saúl Taborda: La psicología y la pedagogía. Instituto de Pedagogía de la Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Córdoba, 1959. 1 vol. de 173 págs. - Edmon Michaud: Acción y pensamiento infantiles. Editorial Nova; Biblioteca Nova de Educación, Buenos Aires, 1959. Vol. rústica, 131 págs. Prólogo de Maurice Debesse. Traducción de Susana de Aldecoa. - John I. H. Baur: Revolución y tradición en el arte moderno norteamericano. Editorial Poseidon, Buenos Aires, 1957. Vol. rústica, ilustrado, 188 págs. - Viktor Lowenfeld: El niño y su arte (Traducción de Alfredo M. Ghioldi). Editorial Kapelusz. Biblioteca de Cultura Pedagógica, Buenos Aires, 1958. Vol. rústica, 202 págs. - Ilse T. M. de Brugger: Teatro alemán expresionista. Ed. La Mandragora, Buenos Aires, 1959. Vol. rústica, 172 págs. - José Ortega y Gasset: La idea de principio en Leibniz y la evolución de la teoría deductiva; Emecé Editores, Biblioteca de la Revista de Occidente, Buenos Aires, 1958. Vol. rústica, 444 págs. - Andre Lothe: Los grandes pintores hablan de su arte. Traducción de Horacio A. Maniglia. Edit. Librería Hachette; Buenos Aires, 1958. Vol. de 381 págs.Universidad Nacional de La Plat

Revista de libros

Se reseñan los siguientes libros: - Saúl Taborda: La psicología y la pedagogía. Instituto de Pedagogía de la Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Córdoba, 1959. 1 vol. de 173 págs. - Edmon Michaud: Acción y pensamiento infantiles. Editorial Nova; Biblioteca Nova de Educación, Buenos Aires, 1959. Vol. rústica, 131 págs. Prólogo de Maurice Debesse. Traducción de Susana de Aldecoa. - John I. H. Baur: Revolución y tradición en el arte moderno norteamericano. Editorial Poseidon, Buenos Aires, 1957. Vol. rústica, ilustrado, 188 págs. - Viktor Lowenfeld: El niño y su arte (Traducción de Alfredo M. Ghioldi). Editorial Kapelusz. Biblioteca de Cultura Pedagógica, Buenos Aires, 1958. Vol. rústica, 202 págs. - Ilse T. M. de Brugger: Teatro alemán expresionista. Ed. La Mandragora, Buenos Aires, 1959. Vol. rústica, 172 págs. - José Ortega y Gasset: La idea de principio en Leibniz y la evolución de la teoría deductiva; Emecé Editores, Biblioteca de la Revista de Occidente, Buenos Aires, 1958. Vol. rústica, 444 págs. - Andre Lothe: Los grandes pintores hablan de su arte. Traducción de Horacio A. Maniglia. Edit. Librería Hachette; Buenos Aires, 1958. Vol. de 381 págs.Universidad Nacional de La Plat

Design of the nutritional therapy for overweight and obese Spanish adolescents conducted by registered dieticians: the EVASYON study

Background: Dietary treatment for obese adolescents should aim to ensure adequate growth and development, by reducing excessive fat mass accumulation, avoiding loss of lean body mass, improving well-being and selfesteem and preventing cyclical weight regain. The aim of this article is to describe the dietary intervention design and the methods used to evaluate nutritional knowledge and behavior in the EVASYON study (Development, implementation and evaluation of the efficacy of a therapeutic programme for overweight/obese adolescents). Methods/design: EVASYON is a multi-centre study conducted in 5 Spanish hospital settings (Granada, Madrid, Pamplona, Santander and Zaragoza), where 204 overweight/obese Spanish adolescents were treated in groups of 9 to 11 subjects over 20 visits. The study was implemented in two stages: an intensive, calorie-restricted period for the first 9 weeks, and an extensive body-weight follow-up period for the last 11 months. A moderate energy intake restriction was applied in the intensive period according to the degree of obesity, on the basis of a balanced diet supplying 50-55% of daily energy as carbohydrates; 30-35% as fats and 10-15% as proteins. In the intensive period, adolescents were prescribed both a fixed full-day meal plan for the first three weeks and a full day meal plan with different food-choices for 6 weeks. Later, adolescents received a flexible meal plan based on food exchanges for the follow-up period until the end of the trial. Data on food intake, dietary and meal-related habits and behavior were collected by means of dietary questionnaires. To analyse nutritional knowledge, adolescents were examined regarding nutrient concepts and food items for a healthy diet with the appropriate tools. Participants were given nutritional information with complementary teaching material, which was available on the EVASYON website (www.estudioevasyon.com). Discussion: The dietary intervention of the EVASYON programme with a moderate calorie restriction for a limi - ted period of time could be a good strategy in treating overweight and obese adolescents and that will be tested further. Moreover, combining fixed plan with free-choice menus may help adolescents and their families to make right decisions for every day meals

Health effects of omega-3,6,9 fatty acids: Perilla frutescens is a good example of plant oils

Perilla frutescens seeds are a good source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The seeds of perilla are small end globular weight about 4 g/1000, contained approximately 35–45% oil. However the leaves are a very poor source of oil, since they contain only 0.2%. In addition, only the seed oil contains the omega 3 fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). In comparing to other plant oils, perilla seed oil consistently contains the one of the highest proportion of omega-3 (ALA) fatty acids, at 54–64%. The omega-6 (linoleic acid) component is usually around 14% and omega-9 (Oleic acid) is also present in perilla oil. These polyunsaturated fatty acids are most beneficial to human health and in prevention of different diseases like cardiovascular disorders, cancer, inflammatory, rheumatoid arthritis etc

Diet quality index as a predictor of treatment efficacy in overweight and obese adolescents: The EVASYON study

Background & aim: A diet quality index (DQI) is a tool that provides an overall score of an individual''s dietary intake when assessing compliance with food-based dietary guidelines. A number of DQIs have emerged, albeit their associations with health-related outcomes are debated. The aim of the present study was to assess whether adherence to dietary intervention, and the overall quality of the diet, can predict body composition changes. Methods: To this purpose, overweight/obese adolescents (n = 117, aged: 13–16 years; 51 males, 66 females) were recruited into a multi-component (diet, physical activity and psychological support) family-based group treatment programme. We measured the adolescents’ compliance and body composition at baseline and after 2 months (intensive phase) and 13 months (extensive phase) of follow-up. Also, at baseline, after 6 months, and at the end of follow-up we calculated the DQI. Results: Global compliance with the dietary intervention was 37.4% during the intensive phase, and 14.3% during the extensive phase. Physical activity compliance was 94.1% at 2-months and 34.7% at 13months and psychological support compliance were growing over the intervention period (10.3% intensive phase and 45.3% during extensive phase). Adolescents complying with the meal frequency criteria at the end of the extensive phase had greater reductions in FMI z-scores than those did not complying (Cohen''s d = 0.53). A statistically significant association was observed with the diet quality index. DQI-A variation explained 98.1% of BMI z-score changes and 95.1% of FMI changes. Conclusions: We conclude that assessment of changes in diet quality could be a useful tool in predicting body composition changes in obese adolescents involved in a diet and physical activity intervention programme backed-up by psychological and family support

Telomere Length as a Biomarker for Adiposity Changes after a Multidisciplinary Intervention in Overweight/Obese Adolescents: The EVASYON Study

[Context] Telomeres are biomarkers of biological aging. Shorter telomeres have been associated with increased adiposity in adults. However, this relationship remains unclear in children and adolescents. [Objective] To evaluate the association between telomere length (TL) and adiposity markers in overweight/obese adolescents after an intensive program. We hypothesize that greater TL at baseline would predict a better response to a weight loss treatment. Design, Setting, Patients and Intervention The EVASYON is a multidisciplinary treatment program for adolescents with overweight and obesity that is aimed at applying the intervention to all possibly involved areas of the individual, such as dietary habits, physical activity and cognitive and psychological profiles. Seventy-four participants (36 males, 38 females, 12–16 yr) were enrolled in the intervention program: 2 months of an energy-restricted diet and a follow-up period (6 months). [Main Outcome] TL was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction at baseline and after 2 months; meanwhile, anthropometric variables were also assessed after 6 months of follow-up. [Results] TL lengthened in participants during the intensive period (+1.9±1.0, p<0.001) being greater in overweight/obese adolescents with the shortest telomeres at baseline (r = −0.962, p<0.001). Multivariable linear regression analysis showed that higher baseline TL significantly predicted a higher decrease in body weight (B = −1.53, p = 0.005; B = −2.25, p = 0.047) and in standard deviation score for body mass index (BMI-SDS) (B = −0.22, p = 0.010; B = −0.47, p = 0.005) after the intensive and extensive period treatment respectively, in boys. [Conclusion] Our study shows that a weight loss intervention is accompanied by a significant increase in TL in overweight/obese adolescents. Moreover, we suggest that initial longer TL could be a potential predictor for a better weight loss response.Research relating to this work was funded by grants from the Health Research Fund from the Carlos III Health Institute from Ministry of Health and Consumption, Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS; PI051579, PI051080) for the EVASYON project; Línea Especial, Nutrición y Obesidad (University of Navarra); Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) [SAF2010-20367]; Carlos III Health Institute [Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) project, CB06/03/1017], and RETICS network. The scholarship to S. García-Calzón from the FPU ‘Formación de Profesorado Universitario’ from the Spanish Ministry is fully acknowledged

Diagnosis and management of Silver–Russell syndrome: first international consensus statement

This Consensus Statement summarizes recommendations for clinical diagnosis, investigation and management of patients with Silver–Russell syndrome (SRS), an imprinting disorder that causes prenatal and postnatal growth retardation. Considerable overlap exists between the care of individuals born small for gestational age and those with SRS. However, many specific management issues exist and evidence from controlled trials remains limited. SRS is primarily a clinical diagnosis; however, molecular testing enables confirmation of the clinical diagnosis and defines the subtype. A 'normal' result from a molecular test does not exclude the diagnosis of SRS. The management of children with SRS requires an experienced, multidisciplinary approach. Specific issues include growth failure, severe feeding difficulties, gastrointestinal problems, hypoglycaemia, body asymmetry, scoliosis, motor and speech delay and psychosocial challenges. An early emphasis on adequate nutritional status is important, with awareness that rapid postnatal weight gain might lead to subsequent increased risk of metabolic disorders. The benefits of treating patients with SRS with growth hormone include improved body composition, motor development and appetite, reduced risk of hypoglycaemia and increased height. Clinicians should be aware of possible premature adrenarche, fairly early and rapid central puberty and insulin resistance. Treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues can delay progression of central puberty and preserve adult height potential. Long-term follow up is essential to determine the natural history and optimal management in adulthood