55 research outputs found
Caractérisation moléculaire du rÎle de Lhx2 dans le développement de l'oeil et du cerveau
Le dĂ©veloppement du systĂšme nerveux central (SNC) chez les vertĂ©brĂ©s est un processus d'une extrĂȘme complexitĂ© qui nĂ©cessite une orchestration molĂ©culaire trĂšs prĂ©cise. Certains gĂšnes exprimĂ©s trĂšs tĂŽt lors du dĂ©veloppement embryonnaire sont d'une importance capitale pour la formation du SNC. Parmi ces gĂšnes, on retrouve le facteur de transcription Ă Lim homĂ©odomaine Lhx2. Les embryons de souris mutants pour Lhx2
(Lhx2-/-) souffre d'une hypoplasie du cortex cérébral, sont anophtalmiques et ont un foie
de volume rĂ©duit. Ces embryons mutants meurent in utero au jour embryonnaire 16 (e16) dĂ» Ă une dĂ©ficience en Ă©rythrocytes matures. L'objectif principal de cette thĂšse est de caractĂ©riser le rĂŽle molĂ©culaire de Lhx2 dans le dĂ©veloppement des yeux et du cortex cĂ©rĂ©bral. Lhx2 fait partie des facteurs de transcription Ă homĂ©odomaine exprimĂ© dans la portion antĂ©rieure de la plaque neurale avec Rx, Pax6, Six3. Le dĂ©veloppement de l'oeil dĂ©bute par une Ă©vagination bilatĂ©rale de cette rĂ©gion. Nous dĂ©montrons que l'expression de Lhx2 est cruciale pour les premiĂšres Ă©tapes de la formation de l'oeil. En effet, en absence de Lhx2, l'expression de Rx, Six3 et Pax6 est retardĂ©e dans la plaque neurale antĂ©rieure. Au stade de la formation de la vĂ©sicule optique, l'absence de Lhx2 empĂȘche l'activation de Six6 (un facteur de transcription Ă©galement essentiel au dĂ©veloppement de l'Ćil). Nous dĂ©montrons que Lhx2 et Pax6 coopĂšrent en s'associant au promoteur de Six6 afin de promouvoir sa trans-activation. Donc, Lhx2 est un gĂšne essentiel pour la dĂ©termination de l'identitĂ© rĂ©tinienne au niveau de la plaque neurale. Plus tard, il collabore avec Pax6 pour Ă©tablir l'identitĂ© rĂ©tinienne dĂ©finitive et promouvoir la prolifĂ©ration cellulaire. De plus, Lhx2 est fortement exprimĂ© dans le tĂ©lencĂ©phale, rĂ©gion qui donnera naissance au cortex cĂ©rĂ©bral. L'absence de Lhx2 entraĂźne une diminution de
la prolifération des cellules progénitrices neurales dans cette région à e12.5. Nous
démontrons qu'en absence de Lhx2, les cellules progénitrices neurales (cellules de glie radiale) se différencient prématurément en cellules progénitrices intermédiaires et en neurones post-mitotiques. Ces phénotypes sont corrélés à une baisse d'activité de la voie Notch. En absence de Lhx2, DNER (un ligand atypique de la voie Notch) est fortement surexprimé dans le télencéphale. De plus, Lhx2 et des co-répresseurs s'associent à la chromatine de la région promotrice de DNER. Nous concluons que Lhx2 permet l'activation de la voie Notch dans le cortex cérébral en développement en inhibant la transcription de DNER, qui est un inhibiteur de la voie Notch dans ce contexte particulier. Lhx2 permet ainsi la maintenance et la prolifération des cellules progénitrices neurales.Central nervous system (CNS) development in vertebrates is an extremely complex process that requires tight molecular control. Some very early expressed genes during embryonic development are of tremendous importance for CNS development. Among those, we find the LIM homeodomain protein Lhx2. Embryos
that lack Lhx2 (Lhx2-/-) suffer from cerebral cortex hypoplasia, are anophtalmic and have smaller liver. The mutant embryos die in utero at embryonic day 16 (e16) due
to a deficit in mature erythrocytes. The principal objective of this thesis was to
characterize the molecular function of Lhx2 in eye and cerebral cortex development.
Lhx2 is a part of the homeodomain transcription factors expressed in the anterior neural plate along with Rx, Pax6 and Six3. Eye development starts by a bilateral evagination of this region. We show here that Lhx2 expression is crucial for the first steps of eye formation. Indeed, in absence of Lhx2, Rx, Six3 and Pax6 expression is delayed in the anterior neural plate. At the optic vesicle stage, Lhx2 mutation precludes the initiation of Six6 expression (an homeodomain transcription factor essential for eye development). We demonstrate that Lhx2 and Pax6 bind to Six6 promoter and cooperate for its transâactivation. So, Lhx2 is essential for retinal identity determination in the neural plate. Later on, it cooperates with Pax6 to establish definitive retinal identity and promote cell proliferation. Lhx2 is strongly express in the telencephalon, the embryonic region that will give rise to cerebral cortex. Lhx2 ablation causes a decrease in neural progenitor cells proliferation in this region. We show that the lack of Lhx2 causes a premature differentiation of the radial glia cells into intermediate progenitors and postâmitotic neurons. These phenotypes correlate with a decrease activity of the Notch pathway. In Lhx2-/- telencephalon,
the atypical Notchâligand DNER is strongly overexpressed. Furthermore, Lhx2 and coârepressors associate at the DNER promoter region. We conclude that Lhx2 allows Notch pathway activation in the developing cerebral
cortex. It does so by inhibiting DNER transcription, which is a Notch pathway
repressor in this particular context. Thus, Lhx2 allows the maintenance and the
proliferation of neural progenitor cells
Intercultural Experiences Prior to the Educational Program: Occupational Therapy and Social Work Students
In the health and social professions, including occupational therapy and social work, interactions and exchanges with people are essential. Populations encountered by professionals in these fields are becoming increasingly diverse in terms of age, origin, language, health status, and socio-economic background. Sometimes, professionals can have potential misinterpretations regarding intentions and actions, health beliefs and practices, or verbal and non-verbal communication. To overcome obstacles related to practice in a context of diversity, universities must develop studentsâ intercultural competence. Scientific literature stresses the importance of encountering diversity to improve awareness and sensitivity and to bring attention to biases and prejudices. Considering studentsâ intercultural experiences before their formation could be a basis to achieve this educational goal. The present study aims to document this topic. Semi-structured interviews with 51 first-year students from two educational institutions in French-speaking Switzerland were conducted to capture the participantsâ descriptions of these experiences in private or professional contexts. The interviews were transcribed and submitted to a thematic analysis approach. A thematic map was generated and three main themes emerged: (1) perception of diversity; (2) communication challenges; and (3) transformation of attitudes toward the âOther.â They are described and discussed in terms of developing intercultural competence. Recommendations regarding intercultural education emerge from these findings
Comment favoriser l'intervention interculturelle ?
Disponible sur le site internet REISO, Revue d'information sociale, mis en ligne le 5 septembre 2019, https://www.reiso.org/document/4867Les rĂ©flexions et les recommandations prĂ©sentĂ©es dans cet article proviennent de multiples Ă©changes lors dâateliers avec des intervenant·e·s, des professeur·e·s et des Ă©tudiant·e·s des domaines de la santĂ© et du social. Il vise Ă identifier des stratĂ©gies Ă mettre en place dans les milieux de pratique pour favoriser lâimplantation dâune intervention interculturelle efficace auprĂšs de leurs clientĂšles diversifiĂ©es
Directional wetting in anisotropic inverse opals
Porous materials display interesting transport phenomena due to the restricted motion of fluids within the nano- to micro-scale voids. Here, we investigate how liquid wetting in highly ordered inverse opals is affected by anisotropy in pore geometry. We compare samples with different degrees of pore asphericity and find different wetting patterns depending on the pore shape. Highly anisotropic structures are infiltrated more easily than their isotropic counterparts. Further, the wetting of anisotropic inverse opals is directional, with liquids filling from the side more easily. This effect is supported by percolation simulations as well as direct observations of wetting using time-resolved optical microscopy
The Effect of Hole Transport Material Pore Filling on Photovoltaic Performance in Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
A detailed investigation of the effect of hole transport material (HTM) pore filling on the photovoltaic performance of solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (ss-DSCs) and the specific mechanisms involved is reported. It is demonstrated that the efficiency and photovoltaic characteristics of ss-DSCs improve with the pore filling fraction (PFF) of the HTM, 2,2â,7,7â-tetrakis-( N, N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)9,9â-spirobifluorene(spiro-OMeTAD). The mechanisms through which the improvement of photovoltaic characteristics takes place were studied with transient absorption spectroscopy and transient photovoltage/photocurrent measurements. It is shown that as the spiro- OMeTAD PFF is increased from 26% to 65%, there is a higher hole injection efficiency from dye cations to spiro-OMeTAD because more dye molecules are covered with spiro-OMeTAD, an order-of-magnitude slower recombination rate because holes can diffuse further away from the dye/HTM interface, and a 50% higher ambipolar diffusion coefficient due to an improved percolation network. Device simulations predict that if 100% PFF could be achieved for thicker devices, the efficiency of ss-DSCs using a conventional ruthenium dye would increase by 25% beyond its current value
Tunable anisotropy in inverse opals and emerging optical properties
Using self-assembly, nanoscale materials can be fabricated from the bottom up. Opals and inverse opals are examples of self-assembled nanomaterials made from crystallizing colloidal particles. As self-assembly requires a high level of control, it is challenging to use building blocks with anisotropic geometry to form complex opals, which limits the realizable structures. Typically, spherical colloids are employed as building blocks, leading to symmetric, isotropic superstructures. However, a significantly richer palette of directionally dependent properties are expected if less symmetric, anisotropic structures can be created, especially originating from the assembly of regular, spherical particles. Here we show a simple method to introduce anisotropy into inverse opals by subjecting them to a post-assembly thermal treatment that results in directional shrinkage of the silica matrix caused by condensation of partially hydrated sol-gel silica structures. In this way, we can tailor the shape of the pores, and the anisotropy of the final inverse opal preserves the order and uniformity of the self-assembled structure, while completely avoiding the need to synthesize complex oval-shaped particles and crystallize them into such target geometries. Detailed X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy studies clearly identify increasing degrees of sol-gel condensation in confinement as a mechanism for the structure change. A computer simulation of structure changes resulting from the condensation-induced shrinkage further confirmed this mechanism. As an example of property changes induced by the introduction of anisotropy, we characterized the optical spectra of the anisotropic inverse opals and found that the optical properties can be controlled in a precise way using calcination temperature
In situ investigation of dye adsorption on TiO2 films using a quartz crystal microbalance with a dissipation technique
Efficient Near-Infrared-Transparent Perovskite Solar Cells Enabling Direct Comparison of 4-Terminal and Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Cells
Combining market-proven silicon solar cell technology with an efficient wide band gap top cell into a tandem device is an attractive approach to reduce the cost of photovoltaic systems. For this, perovskite solar cells are promising high-efficiency top cell candidates, but their typical device size (<0.2 cm2), is still far from standard industrial sizes. We present a1cm2 near-infrared transparent perovskite solar cell with 14.5% steady- state efficiency, as compared to 16.4% on 0.25 cm2. By mechanically stacking these cells with silicon heterojunction cells, we experimentally demonstrate a 4-terminal tandem measurement with a steady-state efficiency of 25.2%, with a 0.25 cm2 top cell. The developed top cell processing methods enable the fabrication of a 20.5% efficient and 1.43 cm2 large monolithic perovskite/silicon heterojunction tandem solar cell, featuring a rear-side textured bottom cell to increase its near-infrared spectral response. Finally, we compare both tandem configurations to identify efficiency-limiting factors and discuss the potential for further performance improvement
XRCC1 mutation is associated with PARP1 hyperactivation and cerebellar ataxia
XRCC1 is a molecular scaffold protein that assembles multi-protein complexes involved in DNA single-strand break repair1,2. Here we show that biallelic mutations in the human XRCC1 gene are associated with ocular motor apraxia, axonal neuropathy, and progressive cerebellar ataxia. Cells from a patient with mutations in XRCC1 exhibited not only reduced rates of single-strand break repair but also elevated levels of protein ADP-ribosylation. This latter phenotype is recapitulated in a related syndrome caused by mutations in the XRCC1 partner protein PNKP3,4,5 and implicates hyperactivation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase/s as a cause of cerebellar ataxia. Indeed, remarkably, genetic deletion of Parp1 rescued normal cerebellar ADP-ribose levels and reduced the loss of cerebellar neurons and ataxia in Xrcc1-defective mice, identifying a molecular mechanism by which endogenous single-strand breaks trigger neuropathology. Collectively, these data establish the importance of XRCC1 protein complexes for normal neurological function and identify PARP1 as a therapeutic target in DNA strand break repair-defective disease
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