Wrist-worn pervasive gaze interaction

This paper addresses gaze interaction for smart home control, conducted from a wrist-worn unit. First we asked ten people to enact the gaze movements they would propose for e.g. opening a door or adjusting the room temperature. On basis of their suggestions we built and tested different versions of a prototype applying off-screen stroke input. Command prompts were given to twenty participants by text or arrow displays. The success rate achieved by the end of their first encounter with the system was 46% in average; it took them 1.28 seconds to connect with the system and 1.29 seconds to make a correct selection. Their subjective evaluations were positive with regard to the speed of the interaction. We conclude that gaze gesture input seems feasible for fast and brief remote control of smart home technology provided that robustness of tracking is improved

Integrated Detector Control and Calibration Processing at the European XFEL

The European X-ray Free Electron Laser is a high-intensity X-ray light source currently being constructed in the area of Hamburg, that will provide spatially coherent X-rays in the energy range between $0.25\,\mathrm{keV}$ and $25\,\mathrm{keV}$. The machine will deliver $10\,\mathrm{trains/s}$, consisting of up to $2700\,\mathrm{pulses}$, with a $4.5\,\mathrm{MHz}$ repetition rate. The LPD, DSSC and AGIPD detectors are being developed to provide high dynamic-range Mpixel imaging capabilities at the mentioned repetition rates. A consequence of these detector characteristics is that they generate raw data volumes of up to $15\,\mathrm{Gbyte/s}$. In addition the detector's on-sensor memory-cell and multi-/non-linear gain architectures pose unique challenges in data correction and calibration, requiring online access to operating conditions and control settings. We present how these challenges are addressed within XFEL's control and analysis framework Karabo, which integrates access to hardware conditions, acquisition settings (also using macros) and distributed computing. Implementation of control and calibration software is mainly in Python, using self-optimizing (py) CUDA code, numpy and iPython parallels to achieve near-real time performance for calibration application.Comment: Proceeding ICALEPS 201

The Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector at the European XFEL

The Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector (AGIPD) is an x-ray imager, custom designed for the European x-ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL). It is a fast, low noise integrating detector, with an adaptive gain amplifier per pixel. This has an equivalent noise of less than 1 keV when detecting single photons and, when switched into another gain state, a dynamic range of more than 10$^4$ photons of 12 keV. In burst mode the system is able to store 352 images while running at up to 6.5 MHz, which is compatible with the 4.5 MHz frame rate at the European XFEL. The AGIPD system was installed and commissioned in August 2017, and successfully used for the first experiments at the Single Particles, Clusters and Biomolecules (SPB) experimental station at the European XFEL since September 2017. This paper describes the principal components and performance parameters of the system.Comment: revised version after peer revie

Measurement of the Luminosity in the ZEUS Experiment at HERA II

The luminosity in the ZEUS detector was measured using photons from electron bremsstrahlung. In 2001 the HERA collider was upgraded for operation at higher luminosity. At the same time the luminosity-measuring system of the ZEUS experiment was modified to tackle the expected higher photon rate and synchrotron radiation. The existing lead-scintillator calorimeter was equipped with radiation hard scintillator tiles and shielded against synchrotron radiation. In addition, a magnetic spectrometer was installed to measure the luminosity independently using photons converted in the beam-pipe exit window. The redundancy provided a reliable and robust luminosity determination with a systematic uncertainty of 1.7%. The experimental setup, the techniques used for luminosity determination and the estimate of the systematic uncertainty are reported.Comment: 25 pages, 11 figure

Expected resolution limits of x-ray free-electron laser single-particle imaging for realistic source and detector properties

The unprecedented intensity of x-ray free-electron laser sources has enabled single-particle x-ray diffraction imaging (SPI) of various biological specimens in both two-dimensional projection and three dimensions (3D). The potential of studying protein dynamics in their native conditions, without crystallization or chemical staining, has encouraged researchers to aim for increasingly higher resolutions with this technique. The currently achievable resolution of SPI is limited to the sub-10 nanometer range, mainly due to background effects, such as instrumental noise and parasitic scattering from the carrier gas used for sample delivery. Recent theoretical studies have quantified the effects of x-ray pulse parameters, as well as the required number of diffraction patterns to achieve a certain resolution, in a 3D reconstruction, although the effects of detector noise and the random particle orientation in each diffraction snapshot were not taken into account. In this work, we show these shortcomings and address limitations on achievable image resolution imposed by the adaptive gain integrating pixel detector noise

MR imaging in evaluation of the temporomandibular lateral disc displacement in patients with posterior occlusion

Background: The aim of this work was to assess the usefulness of MR imaging in the evaluation of temporomandibular lateral disc displacement in patients with posterior occlusion and the significance of the results of MRI in the diagnosis and treatment of posterior occlusion. Material/Methods: Imaging evaluation was performed to 80 temporomandibular joints in 40 patients with posterior occlusion, of both sexes, at the age of 16-35, prior to orthodontic treatment. The imaging technique used for the evaluation of temporomandibular joints was magnetic resonance using the Signa Horizon 1.5 T System (GEMS) during rest occlusion. The evaluation was focused on bony structures of the joint and its posterior ligament. The type of joint was defined as intermediate in case of the articular tuberculum of a semicircular shape, shallow - in case of horizontally elongated ellipse, and deep - in case of vertically elongated ellipse. The symmetry of the articular space as well as the alignment of the articular disc in the frontal plane was also evaluated. The obtained data were presented in form of figures and graphs and analysed using the statistics software - BMDP New System 2.0. Results: In patients with posterior occlusion, the so-called intermediate type of temporomandibular joint was found to be the most common, whereas the symmetrical articular space occurred in 33.7% of cases. The rate of narrowed retrodiscal region was 61.2%, which was a statistically significant difference in comparison with the control group. The assessment of position of the disc in the frontal plane during occlusion revealed 12.6% of medial displacement and 6.2% of lateral displacement. Statistically significant differences between the study group and the control group were found concerning the disc position during occlusion assessed in the frontal plane (χ2=9.564; p=0.008). Statistically significant differences were confirmed concerning the width and symmetry of the articular space between the two groups - the persons with posterior occlusion and the control group (χ2=24.174; p=0.0001). In persons with posterior occlusion no significant correlation was found between the type of the joint and the position of the articular disc during occlusion in the frontal plane, that is the lateral and medial displacement (χ2=2.529; p=0.640). Correlation was found between the type of the joint and its symmetry, narrowed or widened articular space in the retrodiscal region (χ2=15.54; p<0.004). Conclusions: Diagnostic efficacy of the magnetic resonance imaging was found in the evaluation of temporomandibular joints in case of posterior occlusion. Based on the obtained results we believe that in MR of occlusion defects T2-weighted sequences can be excluded, as the application of only T1- and PD-weighted sequences is sufficient

Combined QCD and electroweak analysis of HERA data

A simultaneous fit of parton distribution functions (PDFs) and electroweak parameters to HERA data on deep inelastic scattering is presented. The input data are the neutral current and charged current inclusive cross sections which were previously used in the QCD analysis leading to the HERAPDF2.0 PDFs. In addition, the polarisation of the electron beam was taken into account for the ZEUS data recorded between 2004 and 2007. Results on the vector and axial-vector couplings of the Z boson to u- and d-type quarks, on the value of the electroweak mixing angle and the mass of the W boson are presented. The values obtained for the electroweak parameters are in agreement with Standard Model predictions.Comment: 32 pages, 10 figures, accepted by Phys. Rev. D. Small corrections from proofing process and small change to Fig. 12 and Table