30 research outputs found

    Religious Culture of the Crusader Kingdoms

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    The geography of the crusader states cultivated their unique religious culture, which developed from the mix of Catholic and Holy Land traditions into a distinct combination that did not exist anywhere else in the medieval world

    EFFECT OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT ON THE GDP OF EU MEMBER STATES

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    Scientific research, together with technological development and innovation, is a key issue of knowledge-based economies. Having recognized this important role, the European Union has identified the increasing of its research budget to be one of its most important aims. The objective of the common programming of agricultural research is to examine the extent to which society is able to answer the challenges resulting from the Community-level development of renewable raw materials. Joining in the spirit of these endeavours, the aim of our research is to analyze the links between agricultural R&D expenditure and agricultural GDP in the EU member states, relying on the Eurostat database. Our computations were made using constant prices of 2000. The results of our calculations can be summarized as follows: ñ— The C-D type functions are useful for measuring the approximate impact of the production factors we analyzed. ñ— In 2000 it was the agricultural assets, and in 2007 the labour, which had a greater contribution to the agricultural GDP. This change indicates that in the meantime, the labour force had acquired more technical expertise, i.e. had accumulated a greater knowledge, and its significance as a production factor had increased. ñ— The share of agricultural R&D in the production of GDP was approximately 11% in 2000 and 14% in 2007, thus the development efforts are essential from the point of view of agricultural production. ---------------------------------------------------- A tudomÃ¥nyos kutatÃ¥s a műszaki fejlesztĂ©ssel Ă©s az innovÃ¥cióval egyĂƒÂŒtt a tudÃ¥salapÃÂș gazdasÃ¥g kulcsfontossÃ¥gÃÂș eleme. Ezt felismerve az Európai Unió elsÅ‘ szÃ¥mÃÂș cĂ©ljai közĂ© emelte kutatÃ¥si költsĂ©gvetĂ©se növelĂ©sĂ©t. A mezÅ‘gazdasÃ¥gi kutatÃ¥s közös programozÃ¥sÃ¥nak cĂ©lja annak vizsgÃ¥lata, hogy a tÃ¥rsadalom kĂ©pes-e vÃ¥laszt adni azokra a kihívÃ¥sokra, amelyek a megÃÂșjuló nyersanyagok közössĂ©gi szintű fejlesztĂ©sĂ©bÅ‘l erednek. Hasonló szellemben fogant kutatÃ¥sunk cĂ©lja az EU-tagÃ¥llamok mezÅ‘gazdasÃ¥gi K+F rÃ¥fordítÃ¥-sai Ă©s agrÃ¥r GDP-je között fennÃ¥lló összefĂƒÂŒggĂ©sek vizsgÃ¥lata az Eurostat adatbÃ¥zis alapjÃ¥n. SzÃ¥mí¬tÃ¥sainkat 2000-es Ã¥llandó Ã¥rak alapjÃ¥n vĂ©geztĂƒÂŒk. A szÃ¥mítÃ¥sok eredmĂ©nyei az alÃ¥bbiakban foglal¬hatók össze: ñ— A C-D típusÃÂș fĂƒÂŒggvĂ©nyek jól hasznÃ¥lhatók az elemzett termelĂ©si tĂ©nyezÅ‘k közelítÅ‘ hatÃ¥sÃ¥nak mĂ©rĂ©sĂ©re. ñ— 2000-ben a mezÅ‘gazdasÃ¥gi eszközök, míg 2007-ben a munkaerÅ‘ jÃ¥rult hozzÃ¥ nagyobb mĂ©rtĂ©k¬ben az agrÃ¥r GDP-hez. Ez a vÃ¥ltozÃ¥s azt jelzi, hogy idÅ‘közben a munkaerÅ‘ nagyobb szakmai tudÃ¥st tett magÃ¥évÃ¥, azaz több szakmai ismeretet szerzett, ezĂ©rt jelentÅ‘sebb termelĂ©si tĂ©nyezÅ‘vĂ© vÃ¥lt. ñ— A mezÅ‘gazdasÃ¥gi K+F rĂ©szesedĂ©se a GDP-bÅ‘l 2000-ben 11%, míg 2007-ben 14% volt, ezĂ©rt a fejlesztĂ©si törekvĂ©sek az agrÃ¥rtermelĂ©s szempontjÃ¥ból nĂ©lkĂƒÂŒlözhetetlenek.EU, R&D intensity, production functions, combination of production factors, EU, K&FintenzitÃ¥s, termelĂ©si funkciók, termelĂ©si tĂ©nyezÅ‘k kombinÃ¥ciója, Agricultural and Food Policy, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods,

    Energianövények szÃ¥ntóföldi termelésének optimalizÃ¥lÃ¥sa

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    Az Ã¥ltalunk kidolgozott Biomassza TermelĂ©si Modell (BTM) lineÃ¥ris programozÃ¥son alapul, Ă©s lehetÅ‘vĂ© teszi, hogy adott mezÅ‘gazdasÃ¥gi terĂƒÂŒletre vonatkozóan meghatÃ¥rozzÃ¥k az optimÃ¥lis vetĂ©sszerkezetet, kĂƒÂŒlönbözÅ‘ cĂ©lfĂƒÂŒggvĂ©nyek mellett. A kĂƒÂŒlönbözÅ‘ cĂ©lfĂƒÂŒggvĂ©nyek esetĂ©re vonatkozó optimalizÃ¥lÃ¥st a gazdasÃ¥gi környezet, kĂƒÂŒlönösen a szabÃ¥lyozó rendszer vÃ¥ltozÃ¥sa miatt tartottuk szĂƒÂŒksĂ©gesnek, amely adott körĂƒÂŒlmĂ©nyek között a legkedvezÅ‘bb gazdasÃ¥gi haszonnal jÃ¥r. A döntĂ©s fÅ‘ kĂ©rdĂ©se, hogy a rendelkezĂ©sre Ã¥lló földterĂƒÂŒlet Ă©s erÅ‘forrÃ¥s-kapacitÃ¥s mellett Ă©lelmiszercĂ©lÃÂș, vagy inkÃ¥bb energetikai cĂ©lÃÂș hasznosítÃ¥s irÃ¥nyÃ¥ban cĂ©lszerű-e elmozdulni. --------------------------------------- We have developed a Biomass Production Model (BTM), which is based on linear programming. It enables us to identify the optimal crop structure for a specific piece of agri-cultural land, based on various target functions. Optimisation for different target functions was made necessary by the changing economic environment, especially the changes in the regulatory framework, to identify the most profitable option under the specific circumstances. The key question to be decided for any land and resource available is whether it is advised to opt for food crops or energy crops.biomassza-termelĂ©s, LP modell, optimalizÃ¥lÃ¥s., biomass production, LP model, optimisation, Land Economics/Use, Production Economics, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods,

    Monitoring by HPLC of Chamomile Flavonoids Exposed to Rat Liver Microsomal Metabolism

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    Three major flavonoid chamomile components (quercetin, apigenin-7-O-glucoside and rutin) were subjected to oxidative metabolism by cytochrome P-450 of rat liver microsomal preparations. Changes over time in their respective concentrations were followed using reversed-phase HPLC with UV detection. No clean-up had to be applied as only the specific flavonoid had to be separated from the background components originating from the rat liver microsome. Neither the concentration of apigenin-7-O-glucoside nor that of the diglycoside rutin decreased during one hour of exposure to rat microsomal treatment. In contrast, the concentration of quercetin, a lipophilic aglycon, decreased. Our analytical HPLC results complement the in silico calculated lipophilicity (logP) of these compounds; the relatively high lipophilicity of quercetin appears to predispose it to oxidative metabolism in order to decrease its fat solubility. In contrast the much less lipophilic compounds apigenin-7-O-glucoside and rutin were resistant in vitro to microsomal treatment

    First-episode psychosis patients who deteriorated in the premorbid period do not have higher polygenic risk scores than others: A cluster analysis of EU-GEI data

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    Cluster studies identified a subgroup of patients with psychosis whose premorbid adjustment deteriorates before the onset, which may reflect variation in genetic influence. However, other studies reported a complex relationship between distinctive patterns of cannabis use and cognitive and premorbid impairment that is worthy of consideration. We examined whether: (1) premorbid social functioning (PSF) and premorbid academic functioning (PAF) in childhood and adolescence and current intellectual quotient (IQ) define different clusters in 802 first-episode of psychosis (FEP) patients; resulting clusters vary in (2) polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for schizophrenia (SCZ_PRS), bipolar disorder (BD_PRS), major depression (MD_PRS), and IQ (IQ_PRS), and (3) patterns of cannabis use, compared to 1,263 population-based controls. Four transdiagnostic clusters emerged (BIC = 2268.5): (1) high-cognitive-functioning (n = 205), with the highest IQ (Mean = 106.1, 95% CI: 104.3, 107.9) and PAF, but low PSF. (2) Low-cognitive-functioning (n = 223), with the lowest IQ (Mean = 73.9, 95% CI: 72.2, 75.7) and PAF, but normal PSF. (3) Intermediate (n = 224) (Mean_IQ = 80.8, 95% CI: 79.1, 82.5) with low-improving PAF and PSF. 4) Deteriorating (n = 150) (Mean_IQ = 80.6, 95% CI: 78.5, 82.7), with normal-deteriorating PAF and PSF. The PRSs explained 7.9% of between-group membership. FEP had higher SCZ_PRS than controls [F(4,1319) = 20.4, P < .001]. Among the clusters, the deteriorating group had lower SCZ_PRS and was likelier to have used high-potency cannabis daily. Patients with FEP clustered according to their premorbid and cognitive abilities. Pronounced premorbid deterioration was not typical of most FEP, including those more strongly predisposed to schizophrenia, but appeared in a cluster with a history of high-potency cannabis use

    Energianövények szåntóföldi termelésének optimalizålåsa

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    Az ĂĄltalunk kidolgozott Biomassza TermelĂ©si Modell (BTM) lineĂĄris programozĂĄson alapul, Ă©s lehetƑvĂ© teszi, hogy adott mezƑgazdasĂĄgi terĂŒletre vonatkozĂłan meghatĂĄrozzĂĄk az optimĂĄlis vetĂ©sszerkezetet, kĂŒlönbözƑ cĂ©lfĂŒggvĂ©nyek mellett. A kĂŒlönbözƑ cĂ©lfĂŒggvĂ©nyek esetĂ©re vonatkozĂł optimalizĂĄlĂĄst a gazdasĂĄgi környezet, kĂŒlönösen a szabĂĄlyozĂł rendszer vĂĄltozĂĄsa miatt tartottuk szĂŒksĂ©gesnek, amely adott körĂŒlmĂ©nyek között a legkedvezƑbb gazdasĂĄgi haszonnal jĂĄr. A döntĂ©s fƑ kĂ©rdĂ©se, hogy a rendelkezĂ©sre ĂĄllĂł földterĂŒlet Ă©s erƑforrĂĄs-kapacitĂĄs mellett Ă©lelmiszercĂ©lĂș, vagy inkĂĄbb energetikai cĂ©lĂș hasznosĂ­tĂĄs irĂĄnyĂĄban cĂ©lszerƱ-e elmozdulni. --------------------------------------- We have developed a Biomass Production Model (BTM), which is based on linear programming. It enables us to identify the optimal crop structure for a specific piece of agri-cultural land, based on various target functions. Optimisation for different target functions was made necessary by the changing economic environment, especially the changes in the regulatory framework, to identify the most profitable option under the specific circumstances. The key question to be decided for any land and resource available is whether it is advised to opt for food crops or energy crops

    EFFECT OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT ON THE GDP OF EU MEMBER STATES

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    Scientific research, together with technological development and innovation, is a key issue of knowledge-based economies. Having recognized this important role, the European Union has identified the increasing of its research budget to be one of its most important aims. The objective of the common programming of agricultural research is to examine the extent to which society is able to answer the challenges resulting from the Community-level development of renewable raw materials. Joining in the spirit of these endeavours, the aim of our research is to analyze the links between agricultural R&D expenditure and agricultural GDP in the EU member states, relying on the Eurostat database. Our computations were made using constant prices of 2000. The results of our calculations can be summarized as follows: ● The C-D type functions are useful for measuring the approximate impact of the production factors we analyzed. ● In 2000 it was the agricultural assets, and in 2007 the labour, which had a greater contribution to the agricultural GDP. This change indicates that in the meantime, the labour force had acquired more technical expertise, i.e. had accumulated a greater knowledge, and its significance as a production factor had increased. ● The share of agricultural R&D in the production of GDP was approximately 11% in 2000 and 14% in 2007, thus the development efforts are essential from the point of view of agricultural production. ---------------------------------------------------- A tudomĂĄnyos kutatĂĄs a mƱszaki fejlesztĂ©ssel Ă©s az innovĂĄciĂłval egyĂŒtt a tudĂĄsalapĂș gazdasĂĄg kulcsfontossĂĄgĂș eleme. Ezt felismerve az EurĂłpai UniĂł elsƑ szĂĄmĂș cĂ©ljai közĂ© emelte kutatĂĄsi költsĂ©gvetĂ©se növelĂ©sĂ©t. A mezƑgazdasĂĄgi kutatĂĄs közös programozĂĄsĂĄnak cĂ©lja annak vizsgĂĄlata, hogy a tĂĄrsadalom kĂ©pes-e vĂĄlaszt adni azokra a kihĂ­vĂĄsokra, amelyek a megĂșjulĂł nyersanyagok közössĂ©gi szintƱ fejlesztĂ©sĂ©bƑl erednek. HasonlĂł szellemben fogant kutatĂĄsunk cĂ©lja az EU-tagĂĄllamok mezƑgazdasĂĄgi K+F rĂĄfordĂ­tĂĄ-sai Ă©s agrĂĄr GDP-je között fennĂĄllĂł összefĂŒggĂ©sek vizsgĂĄlata az Eurostat adatbĂĄzis alapjĂĄn. SzĂĄmĂ­ÂŹtĂĄsainkat 2000-es ĂĄllandĂł ĂĄrak alapjĂĄn vĂ©geztĂŒk. A szĂĄmĂ­tĂĄsok eredmĂ©nyei az alĂĄbbiakban foglalÂŹhatĂłk össze: ● A C-D tĂ­pusĂș fĂŒggvĂ©nyek jĂłl hasznĂĄlhatĂłk az elemzett termelĂ©si tĂ©nyezƑk közelĂ­tƑ hatĂĄsĂĄnak mĂ©rĂ©sĂ©re. ● 2000-ben a mezƑgazdasĂĄgi eszközök, mĂ­g 2007-ben a munkaerƑ jĂĄrult hozzĂĄ nagyobb mĂ©rtĂ©kÂŹben az agrĂĄr GDP-hez. Ez a vĂĄltozĂĄs azt jelzi, hogy idƑközben a munkaerƑ nagyobb szakmai tudĂĄst tett magĂĄĂ©vĂĄ, azaz több szakmai ismeretet szerzett, ezĂ©rt jelentƑsebb termelĂ©si tĂ©nyezƑvĂ© vĂĄlt. ● A mezƑgazdasĂĄgi K+F rĂ©szesedĂ©se a GDP-bƑl 2000-ben 11%, mĂ­g 2007-ben 14% volt, ezĂ©rt a fejlesztĂ©si törekvĂ©sek az agrĂĄrtermelĂ©s szempontjĂĄbĂłl nĂ©lkĂŒlözhetetlenek

    EU ORSZÁGOK ÖSSZEHASONLÍTÁSA NÉHÁNY MAKROÖKONÓMIAI MUTATÓ ALAPJÁN

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    This paper compares the economic situations of the EU-25 countries based on their macroeconomic indicators. Among the indicators that are used for characterizing competitiveness and economic activity GDP/capita, GDP growth rate and employment rate were used. The countries were ranked based on various indicators, then, their grouping processes were monitored. The dynamic analyses were based on data of years 2000 and 2004. During this 4-year period the changes and tendencies of the mentioned three indicators were examined concerning the member countries, just as well as the changes in their grouping process. In general, it can be stated that the newly joined countries tried to catch up the 15 countries, which is proved by the increase of GDP/capita values and the GDP growth rates. Each country can be classified to various development types according to the changes of their macroeconomic indicators
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