30 research outputs found
Religious Culture of the Crusader Kingdoms
The geography of the crusader states cultivated their unique religious culture, which developed from the mix of Catholic and Holy Land traditions into a distinct combination that did not exist anywhere else in the medieval world
EFFECT OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT ON THE GDP OF EU MEMBER STATES
Scientific research, together with technological development and innovation, is a key issue of knowledge-based economies. Having recognized this important role, the European Union has identified the increasing of its research budget to be one of its most important aims. The objective of the common programming of agricultural research is to examine the extent to which society is able to answer the challenges resulting from the Community-level development of renewable raw materials. Joining in the spirit of these endeavours, the aim of our research is to analyze the links between agricultural R&D expenditure and agricultural GDP in the EU member states, relying on the Eurostat database. Our computations were made using constant prices of 2000. The results of our calculations can be summarized as follows: Ăąâ The C-D type functions are useful for measuring the approximate impact of the production factors we analyzed. Ăąâ In 2000 it was the agricultural assets, and in 2007 the labour, which had a greater contribution to the agricultural GDP. This change indicates that in the meantime, the labour force had acquired more technical expertise, i.e. had accumulated a greater knowledge, and its significance as a production factor had increased. Ăąâ The share of agricultural R&D in the production of GDP was approximately 11% in 2000 and 14% in 2007, thus the development efforts are essential from the point of view of agricultural production. ---------------------------------------------------- A tudomĂÂĄnyos kutatĂÂĄs a mĂ
±szaki fejlesztĂ©ssel Ă©s az innovĂÂĄciĂÂłval egyĂÂŒtt a tudĂÂĄsalapĂÂș gazdasĂÂĄg kulcsfontossĂÂĄgĂÂș eleme. Ezt felismerve az EurĂÂłpai UniĂÂł elsĂ
â szĂÂĄmĂÂș cĂ©ljai közĂ© emelte kutatĂÂĄsi költsĂ©gvetĂ©se növelĂ©sĂ©t. A mezĂ
âgazdasĂÂĄgi kutatĂÂĄs közös programozĂÂĄsĂÂĄnak cĂ©lja annak vizsgĂÂĄlata, hogy a tĂÂĄrsadalom kĂ©pes-e vĂÂĄlaszt adni azokra a kihĂÂvĂÂĄsokra, amelyek a megĂÂșjulĂÂł nyersanyagok közössĂ©gi szintĂ
± fejlesztĂ©sĂ©bĂ
âl erednek. HasonlĂÂł szellemben fogant kutatĂÂĄsunk cĂ©lja az EU-tagĂÂĄllamok mezĂ
âgazdasĂÂĄgi K+F rĂÂĄfordĂÂtĂÂĄ-sai Ă©s agrĂÂĄr GDP-je között fennĂÂĄllĂÂł összefĂÂŒggĂ©sek vizsgĂÂĄlata az Eurostat adatbĂÂĄzis alapjĂÂĄn. SzĂÂĄmĂÂĂÂŹtĂÂĄsainkat 2000-es ĂÂĄllandĂÂł ĂÂĄrak alapjĂÂĄn vĂ©geztĂÂŒk. A szĂÂĄmĂÂtĂÂĄsok eredmĂ©nyei az alĂÂĄbbiakban foglalĂÂŹhatĂÂłk össze: Ăąâ A C-D tĂÂpusĂÂș fĂÂŒggvĂ©nyek jĂÂłl hasznĂÂĄlhatĂÂłk az elemzett termelĂ©si tĂ©nyezĂ
âk közelĂÂtĂ
â hatĂÂĄsĂÂĄnak mĂ©rĂ©sĂ©re. Ăąâ 2000-ben a mezĂ
âgazdasĂÂĄgi eszközök, mĂÂg 2007-ben a munkaerĂ
â jĂÂĄrult hozzĂÂĄ nagyobb mĂ©rtĂ©kĂÂŹben az agrĂÂĄr GDP-hez. Ez a vĂÂĄltozĂÂĄs azt jelzi, hogy idĂ
âközben a munkaerĂ
â nagyobb szakmai tudĂÂĄst tett magĂÂĄĂ©vĂÂĄ, azaz több szakmai ismeretet szerzett, ezĂ©rt jelentĂ
âsebb termelĂ©si tĂ©nyezĂ
âvĂ© vĂÂĄlt. Ăąâ A mezĂ
âgazdasĂÂĄgi K+F rĂ©szesedĂ©se a GDP-bĂ
âl 2000-ben 11%, mĂÂg 2007-ben 14% volt, ezĂ©rt a fejlesztĂ©si törekvĂ©sek az agrĂÂĄrtermelĂ©s szempontjĂÂĄbĂÂłl nĂ©lkĂÂŒlözhetetlenek.EU, R&D intensity, production functions, combination of production factors, EU, K&FintenzitĂÂĄs, termelĂ©si funkciĂÂłk, termelĂ©si tĂ©nyezĂ
âk kombinĂÂĄciĂÂłja, Agricultural and Food Policy, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods,
EnergianövĂ©nyek szĂÂĄntĂÂłföldi termelĂ©sĂ©nek optimalizĂÂĄlĂÂĄsa
Az ĂÂĄltalunk kidolgozott Biomassza TermelĂ©si Modell (BTM) lineĂÂĄris programozĂÂĄson alapul, Ă©s lehetĂ
âvĂ© teszi, hogy adott mezĂ
âgazdasĂÂĄgi terĂÂŒletre vonatkozĂÂłan meghatĂÂĄrozzĂÂĄk az optimĂÂĄlis vetĂ©sszerkezetet, kĂÂŒlönbözĂ
â cĂ©lfĂÂŒggvĂ©nyek mellett. A kĂÂŒlönbözĂ
â cĂ©lfĂÂŒggvĂ©nyek esetĂ©re vonatkozĂÂł optimalizĂÂĄlĂÂĄst a gazdasĂÂĄgi környezet, kĂÂŒlönösen a szabĂÂĄlyozĂÂł rendszer vĂÂĄltozĂÂĄsa miatt tartottuk szĂÂŒksĂ©gesnek, amely adott körĂÂŒlmĂ©nyek között a legkedvezĂ
âbb gazdasĂÂĄgi haszonnal jĂÂĄr. A döntĂ©s fĂ
â kĂ©rdĂ©se, hogy a rendelkezĂ©sre ĂÂĄllĂÂł földterĂÂŒlet Ă©s erĂ
âforrĂÂĄs-kapacitĂÂĄs mellett Ă©lelmiszercĂ©lĂÂș, vagy inkĂÂĄbb energetikai cĂ©lĂÂș hasznosĂÂtĂÂĄs irĂÂĄnyĂÂĄban cĂ©lszerĂ
±-e elmozdulni. --------------------------------------- We have developed a Biomass Production Model (BTM), which is based on linear programming. It enables us to identify the optimal crop structure for a specific piece of agri-cultural land, based on various target functions. Optimisation for different target functions was made necessary by the changing economic environment, especially the changes in the regulatory framework, to identify the most profitable option under the specific circumstances. The key question to be decided for any land and resource available is whether it is advised to opt for food crops or energy crops.biomassza-termelĂ©s, LP modell, optimalizĂÂĄlĂÂĄs., biomass production, LP model, optimisation, Land Economics/Use, Production Economics, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods,
Monitoring by HPLC of Chamomile Flavonoids Exposed to Rat Liver Microsomal Metabolism
Three major flavonoid chamomile components (quercetin, apigenin-7-O-glucoside and rutin) were subjected to oxidative metabolism by cytochrome P-450 of rat liver microsomal preparations. Changes over time in their respective concentrations were followed using reversed-phase HPLC with UV detection. No clean-up had to be applied as only the specific flavonoid had to be separated from the background components originating from the rat liver microsome. Neither the concentration of apigenin-7-O-glucoside nor that of the diglycoside rutin decreased during one hour of exposure to rat microsomal treatment. In contrast, the concentration of quercetin, a lipophilic aglycon, decreased. Our analytical HPLC results complement the in silico calculated lipophilicity (logP) of these compounds; the relatively high lipophilicity of quercetin appears to predispose it to oxidative metabolism in order to decrease its fat solubility. In contrast the much less lipophilic compounds apigenin-7-O-glucoside and rutin were resistant in vitro to microsomal treatment
Unlocking the Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of a Wild Gene Source of Wheat, Aegilops biuncialis Vis., and Its Relationship With the Heading Time
First-episode psychosis patients who deteriorated in the premorbid period do not have higher polygenic risk scores than others: A cluster analysis of EU-GEI data
Cluster studies identified a subgroup of patients with psychosis whose premorbid adjustment deteriorates before the onset, which may reflect variation in genetic influence. However, other studies reported a complex relationship between distinctive patterns of cannabis use and cognitive and premorbid impairment that is worthy of consideration. We examined whether: (1) premorbid social functioning (PSF) and premorbid academic functioning (PAF) in childhood and adolescence and current intellectual quotient (IQ) define different clusters in 802 first-episode of psychosis (FEP) patients; resulting clusters vary in (2) polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for schizophrenia (SCZ_PRS), bipolar disorder (BD_PRS), major depression (MD_PRS), and IQ (IQ_PRS), and (3) patterns of cannabis use, compared to 1,263 population-based controls. Four transdiagnostic clusters emerged (BICâ
=â
2268.5): (1) high-cognitive-functioning (nâ
=â
205), with the highest IQ (Meanâ
=â
106.1, 95% CI: 104.3, 107.9) and PAF, but low PSF. (2) Low-cognitive-functioning (nâ
=â
223), with the lowest IQ (Meanâ
=â
73.9, 95% CI: 72.2, 75.7) and PAF, but normal PSF. (3) Intermediate (nâ
=â
224) (Mean_IQâ
=â
80.8, 95% CI: 79.1, 82.5) with low-improving PAF and PSF. 4) Deteriorating (nâ
=â
150) (Mean_IQâ
=â
80.6, 95% CI: 78.5, 82.7), with normal-deteriorating PAF and PSF. The PRSs explained 7.9% of between-group membership. FEP had higher SCZ_PRS than controls [F(4,1319)â
=â
20.4, Pâ
<â
.001]. Among the clusters, the deteriorating group had lower SCZ_PRS and was likelier to have used high-potency cannabis daily. Patients with FEP clustered according to their premorbid and cognitive abilities. Pronounced premorbid deterioration was not typical of most FEP, including those more strongly predisposed to schizophrenia, but appeared in a cluster with a history of high-potency cannabis use
Energianövények szåntóföldi termelésének optimalizålåsa
Az ĂĄltalunk kidolgozott Biomassza TermelĂ©si Modell (BTM) lineĂĄris programozĂĄson alapul, Ă©s lehetĆvĂ© teszi, hogy adott mezĆgazdasĂĄgi terĂŒletre vonatkozĂłan meghatĂĄrozzĂĄk az optimĂĄlis vetĂ©sszerkezetet, kĂŒlönbözĆ cĂ©lfĂŒggvĂ©nyek mellett. A kĂŒlönbözĆ cĂ©lfĂŒggvĂ©nyek esetĂ©re vonatkozĂł optimalizĂĄlĂĄst a gazdasĂĄgi környezet, kĂŒlönösen a szabĂĄlyozĂł rendszer vĂĄltozĂĄsa miatt tartottuk szĂŒksĂ©gesnek, amely adott körĂŒlmĂ©nyek között a legkedvezĆbb gazdasĂĄgi haszonnal jĂĄr. A döntĂ©s fĆ kĂ©rdĂ©se, hogy a rendelkezĂ©sre ĂĄllĂł földterĂŒlet Ă©s erĆforrĂĄs-kapacitĂĄs mellett Ă©lelmiszercĂ©lĂș, vagy inkĂĄbb energetikai cĂ©lĂș hasznosĂtĂĄs irĂĄnyĂĄban cĂ©lszerƱ-e elmozdulni. --------------------------------------- We have developed a Biomass Production Model (BTM), which is based on linear programming. It enables us to identify the optimal crop structure for a specific piece of agri-cultural land, based on various target functions. Optimisation for different target functions was made necessary by the changing economic environment, especially the changes in the regulatory framework, to identify the most profitable option under the specific circumstances. The key question to be decided for any land and resource available is whether it is advised to opt for food crops or energy crops
EFFECT OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT ON THE GDP OF EU MEMBER STATES
Scientific research, together with technological development and innovation, is a key issue of knowledge-based economies. Having recognized this important role, the European Union has identified the increasing of its research budget to be one of its most important aims. The objective of the common programming of agricultural research is to examine the extent to which society is able to answer the challenges resulting from the Community-level development of renewable raw materials.
Joining in the spirit of these endeavours, the aim of our research is to analyze the links between agricultural R&D expenditure and agricultural GDP in the EU member states, relying on the Eurostat database. Our computations were made using constant prices of 2000. The results of our calculations can be summarized as follows:
â The C-D type functions are useful for measuring the approximate impact of the production factors we analyzed.
â In 2000 it was the agricultural assets, and in 2007 the labour, which had a greater contribution to the agricultural GDP. This change indicates that in the meantime, the labour force had acquired more technical expertise, i.e. had accumulated a greater knowledge, and its significance as a production factor had increased.
â The share of agricultural R&D in the production of GDP was approximately 11% in 2000 and 14% in 2007, thus the development efforts are essential from the point of view of agricultural production.
---------------------------------------------------- A tudomĂĄnyos kutatĂĄs a mƱszaki fejlesztĂ©ssel Ă©s az innovĂĄciĂłval egyĂŒtt a tudĂĄsalapĂș gazdasĂĄg kulcsfontossĂĄgĂș eleme. Ezt felismerve az EurĂłpai UniĂł elsĆ szĂĄmĂș cĂ©ljai közĂ© emelte kutatĂĄsi költsĂ©gvetĂ©se növelĂ©sĂ©t. A mezĆgazdasĂĄgi kutatĂĄs közös programozĂĄsĂĄnak cĂ©lja annak vizsgĂĄlata, hogy a tĂĄrsadalom kĂ©pes-e vĂĄlaszt adni azokra a kihĂvĂĄsokra, amelyek a megĂșjulĂł nyersanyagok közössĂ©gi szintƱ fejlesztĂ©sĂ©bĆl erednek.
HasonlĂł szellemben fogant kutatĂĄsunk cĂ©lja az EU-tagĂĄllamok mezĆgazdasĂĄgi K+F rĂĄfordĂtĂĄ-sai Ă©s agrĂĄr GDP-je között fennĂĄllĂł összefĂŒggĂ©sek vizsgĂĄlata az Eurostat adatbĂĄzis alapjĂĄn. SzĂĄmĂÂŹtĂĄsainkat 2000-es ĂĄllandĂł ĂĄrak alapjĂĄn vĂ©geztĂŒk. A szĂĄmĂtĂĄsok eredmĂ©nyei az alĂĄbbiakban foglalÂŹhatĂłk össze:
â A C-D tĂpusĂș fĂŒggvĂ©nyek jĂłl hasznĂĄlhatĂłk az elemzett termelĂ©si tĂ©nyezĆk közelĂtĆ hatĂĄsĂĄnak mĂ©rĂ©sĂ©re.
â 2000-ben a mezĆgazdasĂĄgi eszközök, mĂg 2007-ben a munkaerĆ jĂĄrult hozzĂĄ nagyobb mĂ©rtĂ©kÂŹben az agrĂĄr GDP-hez. Ez a vĂĄltozĂĄs azt jelzi, hogy idĆközben a munkaerĆ nagyobb szakmai tudĂĄst tett magĂĄĂ©vĂĄ, azaz több szakmai ismeretet szerzett, ezĂ©rt jelentĆsebb termelĂ©si tĂ©nyezĆvĂ© vĂĄlt.
â A mezĆgazdasĂĄgi K+F rĂ©szesedĂ©se a GDP-bĆl 2000-ben 11%, mĂg 2007-ben 14% volt, ezĂ©rt a fejlesztĂ©si törekvĂ©sek az agrĂĄrtermelĂ©s szempontjĂĄbĂłl nĂ©lkĂŒlözhetetlenek
EU ORSZĂGOK ĂSSZEHASONLĂTĂSA NĂHĂNY MAKROĂKONĂMIAI MUTATĂ ALAPJĂN
This paper compares the economic situations of the EU-25 countries based on their macroeconomic indicators. Among the indicators that are used for characterizing competitiveness and economic activity GDP/capita, GDP growth rate and employment rate were used. The countries were ranked based on various indicators, then, their grouping processes were monitored. The dynamic analyses were based on data of years 2000 and 2004. During this 4-year period the changes and tendencies of the mentioned three indicators were examined concerning the member countries, just as well as the changes in their grouping process. In general, it can be stated that the newly joined countries tried to catch up the 15 countries, which is proved by the increase of GDP/capita values and the GDP growth rates. Each country can be classified to various development types according to the changes of their macroeconomic indicators