Corrosion behaviour of 3 Mg-alloys in one: a high-resolution investigation

Magnesium (Mg) and itsbiodegradable alloys are promising biomaterialsfor bone application. However, their corrosionbehaviour is still poorly understood and theresorption mechanism is still unpredictable in vivo,due to the high complexity of the physiologicalenvironment [1]. Here we report on the in vivodegradation process of 3 Mg alloys as observed onsynchrotron-based micro computed tomography(SRµCT) and on corresponding histologicalsections. SRµCT, thanks to the high contrast-tonoiseratio, enables to clearly detect the changesthat the Mg alloys undergo during corrosion, in anon-destructive way and directly in the bone [2]

Osseointegration of resorbable magnesium screws – A SRμCT Study

The development of resorbable osteofixation materials that degrade upon substitution by regenerated tissue is highly desirable in orthopaedics. Magnesium is promising as implantable material, because of its biocompatibility, osteoconductivity and biodegradation under physiological conditions [1]. Through the selection of alloying elements, the mechanical properties and corrosion behaviour of magnesium can be modulated for application in load-bearing situations. The aim of our research was to investigate the bone integration and the corrosion process of Al-free Mg-alloys in vivo. Our hypothesis was that Mg-based implants stimulate bone growth.METHODS: Mini-screws of two different Mg- alloys, Mg10Gd and Mg-Y-RE (WE43) were manufactured at HZG. The cytocompatibility of the selected alloys was formerly tested and validated in vitro [2, 3]. The mini-screws were implanted in rats after ethical approval. After 1 and 3 months of healing, cylindrical bone-implant blocks were retrieved. Samples were imaged at the P05 Imaging Beamline (IBL) operated by HZG at PETRA III – DESY (Hamburg). We used monochromatic X-rays at 25 keV to take 900 projections and a field of view of 7mm x 1.8 mm, which resulted in 5X magnification with a resolution of ~2.5 μm. 3D data sets were computed using filtered back projection algorithms.RESULTS: The inserted implants healed without any observable adverse effect. On the basis of tomographic data, we were able to compute three- dimensional renderings of dvrscrews and bone with high contrast-to-noise ratios. A qualitative evaluation of the data revealed inhomogeneous surface corrosion of the screws, which maintained their original shape within the study period. New bone formation was observed in all of our samples. We found a considerable increase of implant-bone contact sites with progressing healing time. A quantitative analysis of the tomographic data indicated spatial differences in bone density. In proximity of the implant, newly formed bone matured and became dense after 3 months.Top: Horizontal (left) and vertical (right) sections of a screw after 3 months of healing. Fragments of implants, completely integrated in the bone, are visible. Bar 0.25 mm. Bottom: Orthogonal cut planes (left) and volume rendering (right), showing an implant (gray) into the bone (purple).DISCUSSION & CONCLUSIONS: The SRμCT showed osseointegration of Mg10Gd and WE43. Although the spatial resolution was not sufficient to fully elucidate the alloys microstructure, we observed the distribution of the high absorbing regions in the materials, possibly intermetallic phases and Y or RE oxides. The corrosion of the alloys was slow. Biocompatibility of the tested materials was confirmed by bone growth in intimate contact with the implants.REFERENCES: 1 Witte F,2 et al (2005) Biomaterials 26:3557-3563. Feyerabend F, Fischer J, et al (2010) Acta Biomater. 6:1834-1842. 3Johnson I, et al. H (2011) JBMR-A.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Founding from the People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013/ under REA grant agreements n° 289163 and n° 312284

Guests on Different Internal Capsule Sites Exchange with Each Other and with the Outside

Petina O, Rehder D, Haupt ETK, et al. Guests on Different Internal Capsule Sites Exchange with Each Other and with the Outside. Angewandte Chemie. International Edition. 2011;50(2):410-414

The structural neuroanatomy of music emotion recognition: Evidence from frontotemporal lobar degeneration

Despite growing clinical and neurobiological interest in the brain mechanisms that process emotion in music, these mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) frequently exhibit clinical syndromes that illustrate the effects of breakdown in emotional and social functioning. Here we investigated the neuroanatomical substrate for recognition of musical emotion in a cohort of 26 patients with FTLD (16 with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia, bvFTD, 10 with semantic dementia, SemD) using voxel-based morphometry. On neuropsychological evaluation, patients with FTLD showed deficient recognition of canonical emotions (happiness, sadness, anger and fear) from music as well as faces and voices compared with healthy control subjects. Impaired recognition of emotions from music was specifically associated with grey matter loss in a distributed cerebral network including insula, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex, anterior temporal and more posterior temporal and parietal cortices, amygdala and the subcortical mesolimbic system. This network constitutes an essential brain substrate for recognition of musical emotion that overlaps with brain regions previously implicated in coding emotional value, behavioural context, conceptual knowledge and theory of mind. Musical emotion recognition may probe the interface of these processes, delineating a profile of brain damage that is essential for the abstraction of complex social emotions