Methodische Ansätze zur Verbesserung der Trockenstresstoleranz durch markergestützte Selektion

ZusammenfassungDie Trockenstresstoleranz von Kulturpflanzen tritt aufgrund des Klimawandels zunehmend in den pflanzenzüchterischen Fokus. Eine sichere Selektion anhand des Phänotyps erfordert kontrollierte Bedingungen, ist sehr arbeitsintensiv und damit nur schwer in den praktischen Zuchtbetrieb zu integrieren. Aus diesem Grund sind molekulare Marker von besonderer Bedeutung im Hinblick auf eine Verbesserung der Trockenstresstoleranz. Möglichkeiten der Entwicklung und Nutzung molekularer Marker werden aufgezeigt. Stichwörter: Trockenstresstoleranz, Molekulare Marker, markergestützte SelektionEnhancing drought stress tolerance by marker assisted selection proceduresAbstractTolerance to drought stress has gained evident importance due to climate change. For an efficient phenotypic selection for drought stress tolerance controlled conditions are needed and besides this reliable phenotypic selection is quite laborious and time consuming. Therefore, molecular markers are of special importance with respect to enhancing drought stress tolerance. Possibilities for the development and use of molecular markers are briefly reviewed.Keywords: drought stress tolerance, molecular markers, marker assisted selectio

Gekeimte Samen als Futtermittel

Within organic agriculture it is difficult to provide all components necessary for poultry feeding. Sprouts of cereals with valuable composition could possibly compensate for this shortage. For that, it is necessary to analyze the content, the composition and the properties of sprouts from different varieties of cereals during germination. In order to produce a high-quality feed for poultry criteria for an optimal process of germination and a consistently good quality have to be defined

Combined nitrogen and drought stress leads to overlapping and unique proteomic responses in potato

Main conclusion: Nitrogen deficient and drought-tolerant or sensitive potatoes differ in proteomic responses under combined (NWD) and individual stresses. The sensitive genotype ‘Kiebitz’ exhibits a higher abundance of proteases under NWD. Abstract: Abiotic stresses such as N deficiency and drought affect the yield of Solanum tuberosum L. tremendously. Therefore, it is of importance to improve potato genotypes in terms of stress tolerance. In this study, we identified differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) in four starch potato genotypes under N deficiency (ND), drought stress (WD), or combined stress (NWD) in two rain-out shelter experiments. The gel-free LC–MS analysis generated a set of 1177 identified and quantified proteins. The incidence of common DAPs in tolerant and sensitive genotypes under NWD indicates general responses to this stress combination. Most of these proteins were part of the amino acid metabolism (13.9%). Three isoforms of S-adenosyl methionine synthase (SAMS) were found to be lower abundant in all genotypes. As SAMS were found upon application of single stresses as well, these proteins appear to be part of the general stress response in potato. Interestingly, the sensitive genotype ‘Kiebitz’ showed a higher abundance of three proteases (subtilase, carboxypeptidase, subtilase family protein) and a lower abundance of a protease inhibitor (stigma expressed protein) under NWD stress compared to control plants. The comparably tolerant genotype ‘Tomba’, however, displayed lower abundances of proteases. This indicates a better coping strategy for the tolerant genotype and a quicker reaction to WD when previously stressed with ND

Effects of growing system and season on the alkaloid content and yield of different sweet <i>L. angustifolius</i> genotypes

Nine varieties and two breeding lines of sweet Lupinus angustifolius were cultivated under organic and conventional conditions in Northern Germany in growing seasons 2010, 2011 and 2012. The alkaloid content was significantly influenced by the growing system and year and also by genotype. The variety `Vitabor` and the breeding line Bo 083521AR revealed a  very low alkaloid content in all years and cropping systems, while  `Sanabor`, `Borlu` and `Boregine` had a higher content. In the years 2010-2012 significantly lower alkaloid contents (475 µg/g) were found under organic conditions than under conventional conditions (615 µg/g). The mean alkaloid level of all varieties and breeding lines in organic farming was highest in 2010 (640 µg/g) and lowest in 2012 (364 µg/g), depending on temperature during the seed filling period. Investigations on the yield of L. angustifolius revealed significant effects of the genotype, the year and the growing system

Grain legume yields are as stable as other spring crops in long-term experiments across northern Europe

Grain legumes produce high-quality protein for food and feed, and potentially contribute to sustainable cropping systems, but they are grown on only 1.5% of European arable land. Low temporal yield stability is one of the reasons held responsible for the low proportion of grain legumes, without sufficient quantitative evidence. The objective of this study was to compare the yield stability of grain legumes with other crop species in a northern European context and accounting for the effects of scale in the analysis and the data. To avoid aggregation biases in the yield data, we used data from long-term field experiments. The experiments included grain legumes (lupin, field pea, and faba bean), other broad-leaved crops, spring, and winter cereals. Experiments were conducted in the UK, Sweden, and Germany. To compare yield stability between grain legumes and other crops, we used a scale-adjusted yield stability indicator that accounts for the yield differences between crops following Taylor's Power Law. Here, we show that temporal yield instability of grain legumes (30%) was higher than that of autumn-sown cereals (19%), but lower than that of other spring-sown broad-leaved crops (35%), and only slightly greater than spring-sown cereals (27%). With the scale-adjusted yield stability indicator, we estimated 21% higher yield stability for grain legumes compared to a standard stability measure. These novel findings demonstrate that grain legume yields are as reliable as those of other spring-sown crops in major production systems of northern Europe, which could influence the current negative perception on grain legume cultivation. Initiatives are still needed to improve the crops agronomy to provide higher and more stable yields in future.Peer reviewe

Combined nitrogen and drought stress leads to overlapping and unique proteomic responses in potato

MAIN CONCLUSION: Nitrogen deficient and drought-tolerant or sensitive potatoes differ in proteomic responses under combined (NWD) and individual stresses. The sensitive genotype 'Kiebitz' exhibits a higher abundance of proteases under NWD. ABSTRACT: Abiotic stresses such as N deficiency and drought affect the yield of Solanum tuberosum L. tremendously. Therefore, it is of importance to improve potato genotypes in terms of stress tolerance. In this study, we identified differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) in four starch potato genotypes under N deficiency (ND), drought stress (WD), or combined stress (NWD) in two rain-out shelter experiments. The gel-free LC-MS analysis generated a set of 1177 identified and quantified proteins. The incidence of common DAPs in tolerant and sensitive genotypes under NWD indicates general responses to this stress combination. Most of these proteins were part of the amino acid metabolism (13.9%). Three isoforms of S-adenosyl methionine synthase (SAMS) were found to be lower abundant in all genotypes. As SAMS were found upon application of single stresses as well, these proteins appear to be part of the general stress response in potato. Interestingly, the sensitive genotype 'Kiebitz' showed a higher abundance of three proteases (subtilase, carboxypeptidase, subtilase family protein) and a lower abundance of a protease inhibitor (stigma expressed protein) under NWD stress compared to control plants. The comparably tolerant genotype 'Tomba', however, displayed lower abundances of proteases. This indicates a better coping strategy for the tolerant genotype and a quicker reaction to WD when previously stressed with ND

Breeding improves wheat productivity under contrasting agrochemical input levels

The world cropping area for wheat exceeds that of any other crop, and high grain yields in intensive wheat cropping systems are essential for global food security. Breeding has raised yields dramatically in high-input production systems; however, selection under optimal growth conditions is widely believed to diminish the adaptive capacity of cultivars to less optimal cropping environments. Here, we demonstrate, in a large-scale study spanning five decades of wheat breeding progress in western Europe, where grain yields are among the highest worldwide, that breeding for high performance in fact enhances cultivar performance not only under optimal production conditions but also in production systems with reduced agrochemical inputs. New cultivars incrementally accumulated genetic variants conferring favourable effects on key yield parameters, disease resistance, nutrient use efficiency, photosynthetic efficiency and grain quality. Combining beneficial, genome-wide haplotypes could help breeders to more efficiently exploit available genetic variation, optimizing future yield potential in more sustainable production systems