Konkretisierung der US-amerikanischen Fair-Use- Doktrin durch die verkehrsbeteiligten Kreise

Das Recht, insbesondere das Urheberrecht, hat große Auswirkungen darauf, was von dem großen Reichtum unseres kulturellen Erbes im kollektiven Gedächtnis verbleibt. In der digitalen Welt, in der alles Kopie und damit – im urheberrechtlichen Sinne – Vervielfältigung ist, ist auch jede Nutzung des kulturellen Erbes urheberrechtlich relevant. Auf der anderen Seite leben wir in Zeiten einer rasanten Medienentwicklung und eines Überflusses an Informationen, Bildern, Filmen und Texten. Umso größer ist die Herausforderung, die Erinnerung an unser kulturelles Erbe wachzuhalten. Es ist also eine Frage der kulturellen Selbstbehauptung, wie die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen für den Umgang mit unserem kulturellen Erbe gesetzt werden. Was nicht online gefunden werden kann, wird zunehmend verschwinden. Insofern können die Auswirkungen eines unausgewogenen Urheberrechts, das das kulturelle Erbe nicht ausreichend berücksichtigt, dramatisch sein. Dieses Buch versammelt verschiedene Vorschläge und Überlegungen, wie die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen geändert werden können, um eine stärkere Präsenz auch des urheberrechtlich geschützten kulturellen Erbes im Netz zu ermöglichen. Verfasst sind diese Vorschläge von Experten aus den Gedächtnisinstitutionen sowie aus der Rechtswissenschaft und Politik, mithin von Autoren, die mit den internationalen Rahmenbedingungen und dem urheberrechtlichen Diskurs in Deutschland gut vertraut sind.The law, in particular copyright, has a major impact on what remains in collective memory of the great wealth of our cultural heritage. In the digital world where everything is copy and therefore - in the sense of copyright - reproduction, every use of the cultural heritage is also relevant under copyright law. On the other hand, we live in times of rapid media development and an abundance of information, images, films and texts. This is why the challenge of keeping the memory of our cultural heritage alive is all the greater. It is therefore a question of cultural self-assertion how the legal framework conditions for dealing with our cultural heritage are set. What cannot be found online will increasingly disappear. In this respect, the effects of an unbalanced copyright law that does not take sufficient account of cultural heritage can be dramatic. This book brings together various proposals and reflections on how to change the legal framework in order to increase the presence of copyrighted cultural heritage on the Internet. These proposals are written by experts from memory institutions, law and politics, and thus by authors who are well acquainted with the international framework conditions and copyright discourse in Germany

Agreement on Access and Benefit-sharing for Academic Research: A toolbox for drafting Mutually Agreed Terms for access to Genetic Resources and to Associated Traditional Knowledge and Benefit-sharing

This manual contains a set of model clauses that enables users and providers of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge to set up a legal contract that is adapted to the individual academic research situation. If mutually negotiated and agreed upon by the involved partners this agreement can yield a “Mutually Agreed Terms” ABS contract

Seasonality of the mesoscale inverse cascade as inferred from global scale-dependent eddy energy observations

Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 52(8), (2022): 1677-1691, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-21-0269.1.Oceanic mesoscale motions including eddies, meanders, fronts, and filaments comprise a dominant fraction of oceanic kinetic energy and contribute to the redistribution of tracers in the ocean such as heat, salt, and nutrients. This reservoir of mesoscale energy is regulated by the conversion of potential energy and transfers of kinetic energy across spatial scales. Whether and under what circumstances mesoscale turbulence precipitates forward or inverse cascades, and the rates of these cascades, remain difficult to directly observe and quantify despite their impacts on physical and biological processes. Here we use global observations to investigate the seasonality of surface kinetic energy and upper-ocean potential energy. We apply spatial filters to along-track satellite measurements of sea surface height to diagnose surface eddy kinetic energy across 60–300-km scales. A geographic and scale-dependent seasonal cycle appears throughout much of the midlatitudes, with eddy kinetic energy at scales less than 60 km peaking 1–4 months before that at 60–300-km scales. Spatial patterns in this lag align with geographic regions where an Argo-derived estimate of the conversion of potential to kinetic energy is seasonally varying. In midlatitudes, the conversion rate peaks 0–2 months prior to kinetic energy at scales less than 60 km. The consistent geographic patterns between the seasonality of potential energy conversion and kinetic energy across spatial scale provide observational evidence for the inverse cascade and demonstrate that some component of it is seasonally modulated. Implications for mesoscale parameterizations and numerical modeling are discussed.This work was generously funded by NSF Grants OCE-1912302, OCE-1912125 (Drushka), and OCE-1912325 (Abernathey) as part of the Ocean Energy and Eddy Transport Climate Process Team

TELL ME HOW YOU SLEEP: SLEEP HABITS AND PROBLEMS IN PORTUGUESE PRE-SCHOLAR AND SCHOLAR CHILDREN

Introdução:A avaliação dos problemas de sono é crucial na clínica diária, devido aos potenciais problemas orgânicos e comportamentais a eles associados. Objetivos:Avaliar os hábitos e problemas de sono em crianças em idade pré-escolar e escolar e comparar os resultados com outros estudos. Material e métodos:Aplicação da versão portuguesa do Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ-PT) aos pais de crianças frequentadoras de infantários ou escolas primárias no concelho de Vila Nova de Famalicão. Resultados: Foram incluídas 107 crianças pré-escolares e 122 escolares (n=229), com idade média de 6,3 anos e 54.1% eram rapazes. A prevalência de crianças que partilhavam o quarto foi de 37.3%. A hora média de deitar foi 21h:41m e de levantar 7h:20m. A duração total média de sono foi 9,7 horas, sendo maior nos pré-escolares (p<0.001). A prevalência global de problemas de sono foi 75.7% e a pontuação média total no CSHQ-PT foi 47.05, maior nos pré-escolares (p=0.001). Os pré-escolares pontuaram mais alto nos items resistência na hora de deitar (p<0,001), início do sono (p=0.046) e despertares notur- nos (p<0.001). A resistência na hora de deitar e ansiedade rela- cionada com o sono foram maiores nos filhos únicos (p=0.003). A prevalência de enurese noturna foi 7,7%, sono agitado 52.7% e bruxismo 22.2%. Conclusão: As crianças incluídas tendem a adormecer mais tarde e dormir menos relativamente a outros estudos. Foi encontrada uma elevada prevalência de problemas de sono, principalmente em idade pré-escolar, realçando a necessidade de uma diferente abordagem deste tema na prática clínica do pediatra.Background: Given the risk of significant organic and behavioral morbidity, it is crucial to evaluate sleep problems in clinical practice. Objectives: To evaluate sleep habits and problems in pre- scholar and scholar children and compare the results with other studies. Material and Methods: Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire Portuguese version (CSHQ-PT) was applied to parents of children (4-10 years old) attending daycare centers and elementary schools in Vila Nova de Famalicão county. Results: 107 pre-scholar and 122 scholar children were included (n=229), mean age 6,3 years. 54,1% were boys. 37,3% of children shared the bedroom with another relative . Mean bedtime was 21h:41m and mean wake-up time was 7h:20m. Mean sleep duration was 9.7hours, being longer in pre-scholars (p<0.001).The prevalence of global sleep disturbances was 75,7% and the mean CSHQ-PT total score was 47,05, being higher in pre-scholars (p=0,001). Pre-scholars also scored higher on bedtime resistance (p<0,001), sleep onset delay (p=0,046) and night wakening (p<0,001). Bedtime resistance and sleep anxiety scores were higher in only children (p=0.003). The prevalence of enuresis was 7,7%, restless sleep 52,7% and bruxism 22,2%. Conclusion: In this study, children tend to fall asleep later and sleep less than in other studies. A high prevalence of sleep problems was found, specially in pre-scholar children, which claims a different approach of this subject in pediatrician´s clinical practice.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Physiological evidence of sensory integration in the electrosensory lateral line lobe of Gnathonemus petersii

Fechner S, Grant K, von der Emde G, Engelmann J. Physiological evidence of sensory integration in the electrosensory lateral line lobe of Gnathonemus petersii. PLOS ONE. 2018;13(4): e0194347.Mormyrid fish rely on reafferent input for active electrolocation. Their electrosensory input consists of phase and amplitude information. These are encoded by differently tuned receptor cells within the Mormyromasts, A- and B-cells, respectively, which are distributed over the animal’s body. These convey their information to two topographically ordered medullary zones in the electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL). The so-called medial zone receives only amplitude information, while the dorsolateral zone receives amplitude and phase information. Using both sources of information, Mormyrid fish can disambiguate electrical impedances. Where and how this disambiguation takes place is presently unclear. We here investigate phase-sensitivity downstream from the electroreceptors. We provide first evidence of phase-sensitivity in the medial zone of ELL. In this zone I-cells consistently decreased their rate to positive phase-shifts (6 of 20 cells) and increased their rate to negative shifts (11/20), while E-cells of the medial zone (3/9) responded oppositely to I-cells. In the dorsolateral zone the responses of E- and I-cells were opposite to those found in the medial zone. Tracer injections revealed interzonal projections that interconnect the dorsolateral and medial zones in a somatotopic manner. In summary, we show that phase information is processed differently in the dorsolateral and the medial zones. This is the first evidence for a mechanism that enhances the contrast between two parallel sensory channels in Mormyrid fish. This could be beneficial for impedance discrimination that ultimately must rely on a subtractive merging of these two sensory streams

Pain and Opioid-Induced Gut Microbial Dysbiosis

Acknowledgments: S.H.D. and W.R.R. are supported by the Scottish Government Rural and Environmental Sciences and Analytical Services (SG-RESAS).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Sustainable Selection, Breeding and Hatchery Operation for Darag Native Chicken Production in Western Visayas, Philippines

Farmers in Panay Island raise Philippine native chickens known as Darag. However, raisers encounter problems on low fertility and hatchability, including high chick mortality when reared in high population densities. To address these concerns, this study aimed to establish a free range breeder flock, collect data on breeding and reproductive performance of Darag breeders, and develop protocols on culling and selection of breeders, hatchery, and range management. A 100-hen Darag nucleus farm and three 200-hen commercial Darag breeder flocks were established. Heritability estimates, reproductive, feed supplementation, and weights were computed. Results showed the following: heritability estimates for Darag plumage (h2=0.835), brown egg color (h2=0.534), yellow skin color (h2=0.452), gray shank color (h2=0.493), and pale-red earlobes (h2=0.524). Other results are as follows: Age at point of lay, 19–24 weeks; egg produced per hen per year, 96–110; age when productive, 24–36 months; mean daily feed consumption, 50–75 g per bird; mean weight of eggs, 43.04 g; egg breakage, 0.5%–3.5%; viable eggs, 90%–99%; and egg fertility rate, 80.0%–96%. The mortality rates of the chickens at different stages: brooding stage, 4.17%; hardening stage, 5.68%; and growing stage, 7.5%. The cost to production is as follows: egg, PhP 4.17–6.25; day-old chicks, PhP 39.25–47.01; and ready-to-lay pullet/ready-to-breed cockerel, PhP 137.24–143.65. Our calculations reveal a production cost of PhP 796,530.00 for a 100-hen nucleus farm in 42 months and total sales of PhP 998,840.00, with a profit of PhP 202,310.00 and return on investment of 25.40%. A ranging area of 10 m2 per breeder and 1:5 male-female ratio family units are stocking recommendation. Protocols on culling and selection of breeders, hatchery, and range management were developed.

Validation of classic and expanded criteria for endoscopic submucosal dissection of early gastric cancer: 7 years of experience in a Western tertiary cancer center

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate the Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society criteria for endoscopic submucosal resection of early gastric cancer (EGC) based on the experience in a Brazilian cancer center. METHODS: We included all patients who underwent endoscopic submucosal resection for gastric lesions between February 2009 and October 2016. Demographic data and information regarding the endoscopic resection, pathological report and follow-up were obtained. Statistical calculations were performed with Fisher’s exact test and chi-square tests, with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: In total, 76% of the 51 lesions were adenocarcinomas, 16% were adenomas, and 8% had other diagnoses. The average size was 19.9 mm (±11.7). The average procedure length was 113.9 minutes (±71.4). The complication rate was 21.3%, with only one patient who needed surgical treatment (transmural perforation). Among the adenocarcinomas, 39.5% met the classic criteria for curability, 31.6% met the expanded criteria and 28.9% met the criteria for noncurative resection. Analysis of the indication criteria and curability revealed differences among cases with ‘‘only-by-size’’ expanded criteria (64.28%), other expanded criteria (40%) and classic criteria (89.47%), with a p-value of 0.049. During follow-up (15.8 months; ±14.3), 86.1% of the EGC patients had no recurrence. When well-differentiated and poorly differentiated lesions or lesions included in the classic and expanded criteria were compared, there were no differences in recurrence. The noncurative group presented a higher recurrence rate than the classic group (p=0.014). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the Japanese endoscopic submucosal resection criteria might be useful for endoscopic treatment of EGC in Western countries

Das Forschungsdatenzentrum der Universität Hamburg

The more recent discussion of research data practices at relevant conferences, workshops and respective publications suggest substantially different foci of problems and solutions in managing data between scientific disciplines. There seems to be a particularly profound gap in natural science and humanities whereas social and life sciences are placed somewhere in between. Indeed data centers tailored to the specific needs of a single discipline (physics, chemistry, climate studies) are numerous in science and tend to be nearly absent for a specific humanities subject. While the former ask for and report solutions on scaling up (larger quantities of data can be run by the same application) and scaling out (larger quantities of data can use the same infrastructure), the latter are concerned with the heterogeneity of relatively small amounts of data (long-tail problem) and a divergence of agreed standards; something we may term as cross scaling. In either case, an efficiency problem has to be solved. On the one hand, huge amounts of data have to be handled within an acceptable time frame, on the other hand, many different applications with diverse functionalities have to be handled with an acceptable number of resources.  We would like to argue here that independent from the discipline either optimization problem should be addressed. Throughout the last decade, we have also observed that projects in science diversify and prefer individualized solutions which additionally hints at increasing data heterogeneity in natural science as well while, at the same time, some humanities projects produce petabytes of data. To show the necessity of a differentiated approach, the research data center of Universität Hamburg is offered as a case in point. The evolution of the center specialized in humanities projects to a research data center offering services for the whole university whereas other disciplinary data centers continue to exist side by side illustrates the entire range of tasks of data stewardship. It includes the continuous development of services while getting more and more involved in natural science projects as well as task sharing and communication with other data institutions. A core asset to understand the requirements of each discipline is a multidisciplinary team. Yet, the main organizing principle of the offered services centers around the stages of the data life cycle (1. data creation and deposit, 2. managing active data, 3. data repositories and archives, 4. data catalog and registries). The interdigitation of these stages is paramount in the long term strategy

Epithelial chemokine CXCL14 synergizes with CXCL12 via allosteric modulation of CXCR4

The chemokine receptor, CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), is selective for CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), is broadly expressed in blood and tissue cells, and is essential during embryogenesis and hematopoiesis. CXCL14 is a homeostatic chemokine with unknown receptor selectivity and preferential expression in peripheral tissues. Here, we demonstrate that CXCL14 synergized with CXCL12 in the induction of chemokine responses in primary human lymphoid cells and cell lines that express CXCR4. Combining subactive concentrations of CXCL12 with 100–300 nM CXCL14 resulted in chemotaxis responses that exceeded maximal responses that were obtained with CXCL12 alone. CXCL14 did not activate CXCR4-expressing cells (i.e., failed to trigger chemotaxis and Ca2+ mobilization, as well as signaling via ERK1/2 and the small GTPase Rac1); however, CXCL14 bound to CXCR4 with high affinity, induced redistribution of cell-surface CXCR4, and enhanced HIV-1 infection by >3-fold. We postulate that CXCL14 is a positive allosteric modulator of CXCR4 that enhances the potency of CXCR4 ligands. Our findings provide new insights that will inform the development of novel therapeutics that target CXCR4 in a range of diseases, including cancer, autoimmunity, and HIV.—Collins, P. J., McCully, M. L., Mart´ınez-Muñoz, L., Santiago, C.,Wheeldon, J., Caucheteux, S., Thelen, S., Cecchinato, V., Laufer, J.M., Purvanov, V.,Monneau, Y. R., Lortat-Jacob, H., Legler, D. F., Uguccioni, M., Thelen, M., Piguet, V., Mellado, M., Moser, B. Epithelial chemokine CXCL14 synergizes with CXCL12 via allosteric modulation of CXCR4. FASEB J. 31, 000–000 (2017). www.fasebj.or