CortExTool: a toolbox for processing motor cortical excitability measurements by transcranial magnetic stimulation

Assessing motor cortical excitability (CE) is essential in transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in order to ensure both safe and normalised stimulation power across subjects or patients. However, there is still a lack of automatic and easy-to-use tools for analysing the electromyographic (EMG) signal features that are relevant for CE assessment, such as the amplitude of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) or the duration of cortical silent periods (CSPs). Here, we describe CortExTool, a signal processing toolbox we developed to fulfil these needs. The toolbox, developed in the Matlab programming language, is open-source and freely accessible to the TMS community. CortExTool provides all the standard functionalities required to automatically process EMG signals recorded during a CE experiment, on both individual and group levels. Its use should allow to standardize and to facilitate the processing of CE measurements by TMS

Mapping dynamical properties of cortical microcircuits using robotized TMS and EEG: Towards functional cytoarchitectonics

International audienceBrain dynamics at rest depend on the large-scale interactions between oscillating cortical microcircuits arranged into macrocolumns. Cytoarchitectonic studies have shown that the structure of those microcircuits differs between cortical regions, but very little is known about interregional differences of their intrinsic dynamics at a macro-scale in human. We developed here a new method aiming at mapping the dynamical properties of cortical microcircuits non-invasively using the coupling between robotized transcranial magnetic stimulation and elec-troencephalography. We recorded the responses evoked by the stimulation of 18 cortical targets largely covering the accessible neocortex in 22 healthy volunteers. Specific data processing methods were developed to map the local source activity of each cortical target, which showed interregional differences with very good interhemi-spheric reproducibility. Functional signatures of cortical microcircuits were further studied using spatio-temporal decomposition of local source activities in order to highlight principal brain modes. The identified brain modes revealed that cortical areas with similar intrinsic dynamical properties could be distributed either locally or not, with a spatial signature that was somewhat reminiscent of resting state networks. Our results provide the proof of concept of " functional cytoarchitectonics " , that would guide the parcellation of the human cortex using not only its cytoarchitecture but also its intrinsic responses to local perturbations. This opens new avenues for brain modelling and physiopathology readouts

Multi-scale and cross-dimensional TMS mapping: A proof of principle in patients with Parkinson’s disease and deep brain stimulation

IntroductionTranscranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) mapping has become a critical tool for exploratory studies of the human corticomotor (M1) organization. Here, we propose to gather existing cutting-edge TMS-EMG and TMS-EEG approaches into a combined multi-dimensional TMS mapping that considers local and whole-brain excitability changes as well as state and time-specific changes in cortical activity. We applied this multi-dimensional TMS mapping approach to patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) with Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the sub-thalamic nucleus (STN) ON and OFF. Our goal was to identifying one or several TMS mapping-derived markers that could provide unprecedent new insights onto the mechanisms of DBS in movement disorders.MethodsSix PD patients (1 female, mean age: 62.5 yo [59–65]) implanted with DBS-STN for 1 year, underwent a robotized sulcus-shaped TMS motor mapping to measure changes in muscle-specific corticomotor representations and a movement initiation task to probe state-dependent modulations of corticospinal excitability in the ON (using clinically relevant DBS parameters) and OFF DBS states. Cortical excitability and evoked dynamics of three cortical areas involved in the neural control of voluntary movements (M1, pre-supplementary motor area – preSMA and inferior frontal gyrus – IFG) were then mapped using TMS-EEG coupling in the ON and OFF state. Lastly, we investigated the timing and nature of the STN-to-M1 inputs using a paired pulse DBS-TMS-EEG protocol.ResultsIn our sample of patients, DBS appeared to induce fast within-area somatotopic re-arrangements of motor finger representations in M1, as revealed by mediolateral shifts of corticomuscle representations. STN-DBS improved reaction times while up-regulating corticospinal excitability, especially during endogenous motor preparation. Evoked dynamics revealed marked increases in inhibitory circuits in the IFG and M1 with DBS ON. Finally, inhibitory conditioning effects of STN single pulses on corticomotor activity were found at timings relevant for the activation of inhibitory GABAergic receptors (4 and 20 ms).ConclusionTaken together, these results suggest a predominant role of some markers in explaining beneficial DBS effects, such as a context-dependent modulation of corticospinal excitability and the recruitment of distinct inhibitory circuits, involving long-range projections from higher level motor centers and local GABAergic neuronal populations. These combined measures might help to identify discriminative features of DBS mechanisms towards deep clinical phenotyping of DBS effects in Parkinson’s Disease and in other pathological conditions

Brain Processing of Emotional Scenes in Aging: Effect of Arousal and Affective Context

International audienceResearch on emotion showed an increase, with age, in prevalence of positive information relative to negative ones. This effect is called positivity effect. From the cerebral analysis of the Late Positive Potential (LPP), sensitive to attention, our study investigated to which extent the arousal level of negative scenes is differently processed between young and older adults and, to which extent the arousal level of negative scenes, depending on its value, may contextually modulate the cerebral processing of positive (and neutral) scenes and favor the observation of a positivity effect with age. With this aim, two negative scene groups characterized by two distinct arousal levels (high and low) were displayed into two separate experimental blocks in which were included positive and neutral pictures. The two blocks only differed by their negative pictures across participants, as to create two negative global contexts for the processing of the positive and neutral pictures. The results show that the relative processing of different arousal levels of negative stimuli, reflected by LPP, appears similar between the two age groups. However, a lower activity for negative stimuli is observed with the older group for both tested arousal levels. The processing of positive information seems to be preserved with age and is also not contextually impacted by negative stimuli in both younger and older adults. For neutral stimuli, a significantly reduced activity is observed for older adults in the contextual block of low-arousal negative stimuli. Globally, our study reveals that the positivity effect is mainly due to a modulation, with age, in processing of negative stimuli, regardless of their arousal level. It also suggests that processing of neutral stimuli may be modulated with age, depending on negative context in which they are presented to. These age-related effects could contribute to justify the differences in emotional preference with age

Robotized Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation : from automatized protocols towards new approaches in functional neuroimaging

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a non invasive cortical stimulation tool.Major technologicalevolution has continuously increased the spatial reliability and reproducibility of TMS since its beginningin the middle of the 80’s, by minimizing the influence of human and experimental factors. Therefore, TMSestablished itself as a powerful technique for probing and treating the human brain. The aim of this thesisis to study the methodological and basics contribution of robotized TMS, as being the last technologicaladvance to date. By means of the automatic handling of the TMS coil, robotized TMS opens new avenuesfor the automation of stimulation protocols, and to new approaches in functional neuroimaging. Thetwo first studies of this work aim at developing two tools that are still needed to achieve the automationof set-up procedures of TMS protocols : CortExTool and AutoHS. CortExTool is a toolbox allowing theautomatic analysis of electromyographic signals, while AutoHS is a Bayesian model aiming at automaticallyfinding the motor hotspot, which are two critical ingredients used during such procedures.We validatedour automatic set-up procedure on both virtual and real data, during an experimental comparison againstmanual set-up procedures on 19 healthy volunteers. Results showed that the automatic procedure was atleast as reliable as the manual one, while being faster and more reproducible. The third and last study of thisthesis aims at exploring new basics approaches offered by robotized TMS.We developed a protocol allowingthe extensive mapping of evoked electroencephalographic responses on 18 cortical targets covering thewhole neocortex, and tested it on 22 healthy volunteers. The analysis of the dynamical properties of theseresponses revealed regional specificities as well as cortical networks sharing similar properties. Our resultsprovide the proof of concept of functional cytoarchitectonics, that would guide the parcellation of thehuman cortex in vivo based on its intrinsic responses to local perturbations. The results of this thesis arepromising regarding the new possibilities offered by robotized TMS. Its use could decrease the experimentalvariability, facilitate the handling of TMS protocols used for research and clinical routine, and finally offernew functional exploration approaches that could allow a better diagnosis of psychiatric and neurologicalpathologies.La stimulation magnétique transcrânienne (TMS) est une technique de stimulation corticale non-invasive.Depuis son apparition au milieu des années 1980, les évolutions technologiques qu’elle a connues ontconsidérablement amélioré sa fiabilité, sa précision ainsi que sa reproductibilité. Ces progrès ont favorisél’émergence d’un grand nombre d’applications, tant dans le domaine de la recherche fondamentale enneurosciences cognitives que dans celui de la recherche clinique. Cette thèse a pour objectif d’étudierles apports méthodologiques et fondamentaux de la TMS robotisée, dernière avancée technologique dudomaine. Grâce à un placement et un suivi automatisés de la bobine de stimulation, la TMS robotiséeouvre en effet la voie à l’automatisation des protocoles, ainsi qu’à l’élaboration de nouvelles approchesen neuroimagerie fonctionnelle. Les deux premières études de ce travail abordent ce premier point, enproposant le développement de deux outils nécessaires à l’automatisation du paramétrage des protocolesde TMS : CortExTool et AutoHS. CortExTool est une boîte à outils qui permet l’analyse automatisée dessignaux électromyographiques évalués durant le paramétrage, et AutoHS un modèle bayésien assurantune recherche automatique du point chaud moteur, étape essentielle de la procédure. Testée sur donnéesvirtuelles et comparée expérimentalement à la pratique manuelle d’experts sur 19 volontaires sains, laprocédure automatisée proposée ici apparaît au moins aussi fiable, tout en étant plus rapide et reproductible.La troisième et dernière étude de cette thèse s’attache quant à elle aux apports fondamentauxpossibles de la TMS robotisée. Elle propose un protocole qui permet la cartographie extensive des réponsesélectroencéphalographiques évoquées par la TMS sur 18 aires corticales réparties sur l’ensembledu néocortex. Appliquée sur 22 volontaires sains, l’analyse des propriétés dynamiques de ces réponses faitapparaître des spécificités régionales ainsi que des réseaux corticaux partageant des propriétés communes.Celles-ci étant liées aux caractéristiques cytoarchitecturales des aires stimulées, nos résultats apportentla preuve de concept pour une nouvelle méthode de parcellisation in vivo du cortex chez l’Homme : lacytoarchitectonie fonctionnelle. L’ensemble des résultats de cette thèse confirme l’intérêt de la robotisationde cette technique, qui pourrait à terme faciliter la mise en oeuvre des protocoles de TMS et amener denouveaux outils d’exploration fonctionnelle en neurosciences fondamentales, pour aider au diagnosticdes pathologies psychiatriques ou neurologiques

Robotized transcranial magnetic stimulation : from the automation of protocols towards new approaches in functional neuroimaging

La stimulation magnétique transcrânienne (TMS) est une technique de stimulation corticale non-invasive.Depuis son apparition au milieu des années 1980, les évolutions technologiques qu’elle a connues ontconsidérablement amélioré sa fiabilité, sa précision ainsi que sa reproductibilité. Ces progrès ont favorisél’émergence d’un grand nombre d’applications, tant dans le domaine de la recherche fondamentale enneurosciences cognitives que dans celui de la recherche clinique. Cette thèse a pour objectif d’étudierles apports méthodologiques et fondamentaux de la TMS robotisée, dernière avancée technologique dudomaine. Grâce à un placement et un suivi automatisés de la bobine de stimulation, la TMS robotiséeouvre en effet la voie à l’automatisation des protocoles, ainsi qu’à l’élaboration de nouvelles approchesen neuroimagerie fonctionnelle. Les deux premières études de ce travail abordent ce premier point, enproposant le développement de deux outils nécessaires à l’automatisation du paramétrage des protocolesde TMS : CortExTool et AutoHS. CortExTool est une boîte à outils qui permet l’analyse automatisée dessignaux électromyographiques évalués durant le paramétrage, et AutoHS un modèle bayésien assurantune recherche automatique du point chaud moteur, étape essentielle de la procédure. Testée sur donnéesvirtuelles et comparée expérimentalement à la pratique manuelle d’experts sur 19 volontaires sains, laprocédure automatisée proposée ici apparaît au moins aussi fiable, tout en étant plus rapide et repro-ductible. La troisième et dernière étude de cette thèse s’attache quant à elle aux apports fondamentauxpossibles de cette technologie. Elle propose un protocole qui permet la cartographie extensive des ré-ponses électroencéphalographiques évoquées par la TMS sur 18 aires corticales réparties sur l’ensembledu néocortex. Appliquée sur 22 volontaires sains, l’analyse des propriétés dynamiques de ces réponses faitapparaître des spécificités régionales ainsi que des réseaux corticaux partageant des propriétés communes.Celles-ci étant liées aux caractéristiques cytoarchitecturales des aires stimulées, nos résultats apportent lapreuve de concept pour la cytoarchitectonie fonctionnelle, qui pourrait aboutir à une nouvelle méthodede parcellisation in vivo du cortex chez l’Homme. L’ensemble des résultats de cette thèse confirme l’intérêtde la robotisation de cette technique, qui pourrait à terme faciliter la mise en œuvre des protocoles par lescentres cliniques, et amener de nouveaux outils d’exploration fonctionnelle pour un meilleur diagnosticdes pathologies psychiatriques et neurologiques.Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a non invasive cortical stimulation tool. Major technologicalevolution has continuously increased the spatial reliability and reproducibility of TMS since its beginningin the middle of the 80’s, by minimizing the influence of human and experimental factors. Therefore, TMSestablished itself as a powerful technique for probing and treating the human brain. The aim of this thesisis to study the methodological and basics contribution of robotized TMS, as being the last technologicaladvance to date. By means of the automatic handling of the TMS coil, robotized TMS opens new avenues forthe automation of stimulation protocol, and to new approaches in functional neuroimaging. The two firststudies of this work aim at developing two tools that are still needed to achieve the automation of set-upprocedures of TMS protocols : CortExTool and AutoHS. CortExTool is a toolbox allowing the automaticanalysis of electromyographic signals, while AutoHS is a Bayesian model aiming at automatically finding themotor hotspot, which are two critical ingredients used during such procedures. We validated our automaticset-up procedure on both virtual and real data, during an experimental comparison against manual set-upprocedures on 19 healthy volunteers. Results showed that the automatic procedure was at least as reliableas the manual one, while being faster and more reproducible. The third and last study of this thesis aimed atexploring new basics approaches offered by this technology. We developed a protocol allowing the extensivemapping of evoked electroencephalographic responses on 18 cortical targets covering the whole neocortex,and tested it on 22 healthy volunteers. The analysis of the dynamical properties of these responses revealedregional specificities as well as cortical networks sharing similar properties. Our results provide the proofof concept of functional cytoarchitectonics, that would guide the parcellation of the human cortex in vivobased on its intrinsic responses to local perturbations. The results of this thesis are promising regarding thenew possibilities offered by robotized TMS. Its use could decrease the experimental variability, facilitatethe handling of TMS protocols used for research and clinical routine, and finally offer new functionalexploration approaches that could allow a better diagnosis of psychiatric and neurological pathologies

Stimulation magnétique transcrânienne robotisée : de l’automatisation des protocoles à de nouvelles approches en neuroimagerie fonctionnelle

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a non invasive cortical stimulation tool. Major technologicalevolution has continuously increased the spatial reliability and reproducibility of TMS since its beginningin the middle of the 80’s, by minimizing the influence of human and experimental factors. Therefore, TMSestablished itself as a powerful technique for probing and treating the human brain. The aim of this thesisis to study the methodological and basics contribution of robotized TMS, as being the last technologicaladvance to date. By means of the automatic handling of the TMS coil, robotized TMS opens new avenues forthe automation of stimulation protocol, and to new approaches in functional neuroimaging. The two firststudies of this work aim at developing two tools that are still needed to achieve the automation of set-upprocedures of TMS protocols : CortExTool and AutoHS. CortExTool is a toolbox allowing the automaticanalysis of electromyographic signals, while AutoHS is a Bayesian model aiming at automatically finding themotor hotspot, which are two critical ingredients used during such procedures. We validated our automaticset-up procedure on both virtual and real data, during an experimental comparison against manual set-upprocedures on 19 healthy volunteers. Results showed that the automatic procedure was at least as reliableas the manual one, while being faster and more reproducible. The third and last study of this thesis aimed atexploring new basics approaches offered by this technology. We developed a protocol allowing the extensivemapping of evoked electroencephalographic responses on 18 cortical targets covering the whole neocortex,and tested it on 22 healthy volunteers. The analysis of the dynamical properties of these responses revealedregional specificities as well as cortical networks sharing similar properties. Our results provide the proofof concept of functional cytoarchitectonics, that would guide the parcellation of the human cortex in vivobased on its intrinsic responses to local perturbations. The results of this thesis are promising regarding thenew possibilities offered by robotized TMS. Its use could decrease the experimental variability, facilitatethe handling of TMS protocols used for research and clinical routine, and finally offer new functionalexploration approaches that could allow a better diagnosis of psychiatric and neurological pathologies.La stimulation magnétique transcrânienne (TMS) est une technique de stimulation corticale non-invasive.Depuis son apparition au milieu des années 1980, les évolutions technologiques qu’elle a connues ontconsidérablement amélioré sa fiabilité, sa précision ainsi que sa reproductibilité. Ces progrès ont favorisél’émergence d’un grand nombre d’applications, tant dans le domaine de la recherche fondamentale enneurosciences cognitives que dans celui de la recherche clinique. Cette thèse a pour objectif d’étudierles apports méthodologiques et fondamentaux de la TMS robotisée, dernière avancée technologique dudomaine. Grâce à un placement et un suivi automatisés de la bobine de stimulation, la TMS robotiséeouvre en effet la voie à l’automatisation des protocoles, ainsi qu’à l’élaboration de nouvelles approchesen neuroimagerie fonctionnelle. Les deux premières études de ce travail abordent ce premier point, enproposant le développement de deux outils nécessaires à l’automatisation du paramétrage des protocolesde TMS : CortExTool et AutoHS. CortExTool est une boîte à outils qui permet l’analyse automatisée dessignaux électromyographiques évalués durant le paramétrage, et AutoHS un modèle bayésien assurantune recherche automatique du point chaud moteur, étape essentielle de la procédure. Testée sur donnéesvirtuelles et comparée expérimentalement à la pratique manuelle d’experts sur 19 volontaires sains, laprocédure automatisée proposée ici apparaît au moins aussi fiable, tout en étant plus rapide et repro-ductible. La troisième et dernière étude de cette thèse s’attache quant à elle aux apports fondamentauxpossibles de cette technologie. Elle propose un protocole qui permet la cartographie extensive des ré-ponses électroencéphalographiques évoquées par la TMS sur 18 aires corticales réparties sur l’ensembledu néocortex. Appliquée sur 22 volontaires sains, l’analyse des propriétés dynamiques de ces réponses faitapparaître des spécificités régionales ainsi que des réseaux corticaux partageant des propriétés communes.Celles-ci étant liées aux caractéristiques cytoarchitecturales des aires stimulées, nos résultats apportent lapreuve de concept pour la cytoarchitectonie fonctionnelle, qui pourrait aboutir à une nouvelle méthodede parcellisation in vivo du cortex chez l’Homme. L’ensemble des résultats de cette thèse confirme l’intérêtde la robotisation de cette technique, qui pourrait à terme faciliter la mise en œuvre des protocoles par lescentres cliniques, et amener de nouveaux outils d’exploration fonctionnelle pour un meilleur diagnosticdes pathologies psychiatriques et neurologiques

NEUROVEC

Modulation of visually induced self-motion illusions by ɑ transcranial electric stimulation over the superior parietal corte

Modulation of alpha waves in sensorimotor cortical networks during self-motion perception evoked by different visual-vestibular conflicts

International audienceVisually induced illusion of self-motion (vection) has been used as a tool to address neural correlates of visual-vestibular interaction. The extent to which vestibular cortical areas are deactivated during vection varies from one study to another. The main question in this study is whether such deactivation depends on the visual-vestibular conflict induced by visual motion. A visual motion about the line of sight (roll motion) induces a visual-canal conflict in upright and supine observers. An additional visual-otolith conflict arises in the upright position only, with the graviceptive inputs indicating that the head is stationary. A 96-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded in 21 participants exposed to roll motion in seated and supine positions. Meanwhile, perceptual state of self-motion was recorded. Results showed a transient decrease in the cortical sensorimotor networks’ alpha activity at the onset of vection whatever the participant’s position, and therefore the visual-vestibular conflict. During vection, an increase in alpha activity over parieto-occipital areas was observed in the upright condition, that is, in a condition of visual-otolith conflict. The modulation of alpha activity may be predictive of the illusion of self-motion but also may reflect the level of inhibition in the sensorimotor networks needed to reduce potential interference from vestibular conflicting inputs. NEW & NOTEWORTHY For the first time, we explored the neural correlates of different visuo-vestibular conflicts induced by visual motion using EEG. Our study highlighted a neuronal signature for illusory self-motion (vection) in the sensorimotor networks. Strong alpha activity may predict successful vection but also reflects the level of inhibition of sensorimotor networks needed to reduce potential interfering vestibular inputs. These findings would be of prime importance for simulator and virtual reality systems that induce vection

Age-related changes in intracortical inhibition are mental-cognitive state-dependent

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