Formulation and Physical Characterization of Sunflower Oil Nano Emulsion Containing Cinnamon Bark Extract

This research developed a sunflower oil nano emulsion containing cinnamon bark extract. Cinnamon bark contains many bioactive compounds that provide various pharmacological benefits, including antioxidant properties. The bark extract, when developed into a nano emulsion system using sunflower oil, improves the antioxidant property. The maceration method using ethanol 95% was used to extract the cinnamon bark and then further developed into the nano emulsion system using between 80 as surfactant and PEG 400 as cosurfactant. The optimum nano emulsion formula contains 4% sunflower oil, and 30% PEG 400. The sunflower oil nano emulsion is transparent, with a globule size of 102 ± 32 nm. The optimum formula of cinnamon bark nano emulsion was achieved with 0.25% extract. This shows good physical characteristics and stability. Keywords: nanoemulsion, cinnamon bark, sunflower oi

Effectiveness of the Online Election via E-Voting Based on Community Response

The election of RT/RW leaders is a regular event that takes place in every village across Indonesia. Similarly, the election process was carried out at RW 23 Permata Biru housing area, located in Cinunuk Village, Cileunyi District, Bandung City Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia. The leadership of RT/RW is elected every 5 years, and in this instance, the election process occurred in November-December 2021, determining new leaders for the 2022-2027 term. However, the election faced a challenge due to the restrictions imposed by the Indonesian government related to the Covid-19 pandemic. Gathering in large groups was not permitted to curb the spread of Covid-19. Despite these circumstances, the transition of RT/RW leaders was considered crucial to avoid potential conflicts within the community. As a result, an alternative solution was implemented, conducting an online election using the E-Voting application. Through explanations and community outreach in RW 23, the people were receptive to the idea of conducting the election online, considering the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic. RW 23 comprises 732 families, divided into 10 RTs. The election process took place in two stages: first, the election of the leader of RW 23, followed by the election of the leaders of the RTs. The selection of the RW 23 leader began with the formation of a committee, followed by the dissemination of rules, candidate selection, and further outreach. The election itself was conducted through the E-Voting application. The E-Voting software was created using Google Form Apps, with the assistance of Microsoft Excel. Community members accessed the E-Voting application through their PCs and smartphones. Despite the challenges, the election of the RT/RW leaders proceeded smoothly and safely. As a result, a new team of RT/RW leaders was formed for RW 23, serving during the 2022-2027 period. Keywords: online election, leader rt/rw, pandemic, Covid-19, e-votin

Antibacterial compound from Euchema spinosum originated from Tasikmalaya West Java against pathogen bacteria with TLC-bioautography

Streptococcus mutans (Gram-positive) and Shigella dysenteriae (Gram-negative) are two types of pathogen bacteria. The use of synthetic antibiotics against both bacteria is known to impact the bacteria's resistance. E. spinosum from Tasikmalaya is a potential macroalgae as a source of an antibacterial compound for both bacteria. The research aims to determine the antibacterial metabolite compound from E. spinosum originated from Tasikmalaya against S. mutans and S. dysenteriae. The research was conducted through several stages, starting from phytochemical screening, gradual maceration using hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol, determination of antibacterial activity, and TLC-bioautography. Phytochemical screening showed that both raw material and extracts contained alkaloids, flavonoids, and steroids. The result showed that hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract could inhibit the growth of S. dysenteriae starting from a concentration of 400 µg/mL. However, only ethyl acetate extract can inhibit the growth of S. mutans, starting from a concentration of 20 µg/mL. The chromatogram of the hexane extract showed the presence of 6 spots, ethyl acetate extract showed 5, and the methanol extract showed only 4, resulted from the elution system, respectively. The TLC-bioautography against S. dysenteriae showed that there was the presence of three clear zones on the ethyl acetate extract, detected as flavonoid, and three clear zones on the methanol extract. The TLC-bioautography against S. mutans showed one clear zone on the chromatogram of ethyl acetate extract. According to the AlCl3 spray reagent confirmation test, the active compound was the flavonoid group

The Effect of Adding Cinnamon Bark Oil to the Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity of Emulgel Containing Cocoa Pod Husk Extract

Our previous study showed that cocoa pod husk extract has tyrosinase inhibitory properties and the potential to prevent skin hyperpigmentation. Another natural source that is known to have tyrosinase inhibitory properties is cinnamon bark oil. This paper aims to analyze the tyrosinase inhibitory properties of cinnamon bark oil through molecular docking. It also aims to determine the effect of adding cinnamon bark oil to the tyrosinase inhibitory properties of emulgel containing cocoa pod husk extract. The constituents of cinnamon bark oil were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The molecular docking was conducted using autodock. The emulgels were prepared by adding 2% of cocoa pod husk extract with and without the addition of cinnamon bark oil (1%). Tyrosinase inhibitory properties were analyzed using a colorimetric enzymatic assay and the dopachrome method. The GCMS result showed the cinnamon bark oil containing 53.37% cinnamaldehyde. The in-silico study showed cinnamaldehyde properties as a tyrosinase inhibitor, since it can bind on the active site of the enzyme with free binding energy at -4.88 kcal/mol. The addition of cinnamon bark oil (1%) to the emulgel preparation increased the tyrosinase inhibitory activity by 63.33% based on in vitro study. Keywords: emulgel, cocoa pod husk extract, cinnamon bar oil, tyrosinase inhibito

Uji Aktivitas Inhibitor Tirosinase Ekstrak Kulit Buah Cokelat (Theobroma cacao L.) dan Formulasinya dalam Bentuk Sediaan Nanoemulsi

Limbah kulit buah cokelat diketahui mengandung berbagai senyawa aktif seperti polifenol dan flavonoid sehingga berpotensi memiliki aktivitas inhibitor tirosinase. Untuk meningkatkan kemampuan penetrasi ekstrak pada penghantaran topikal akan dikembangkan menjadi sediaan nanoemulsi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menguji aktivitas inhibitor tirosinase ekstrak kulit buah cokelat dan memformulasikannya menjadi sediaan nanoemulsi yang memiliki sifat fisik yang baik. Simplisia diekstraksi dengan metode maserasi menggunakan etanol 70% dan selanjutnya diuji aktivitas inhibitor tirosinasenya dengan metode dopakrom berbasis colorimetric enzymatic assay. Sediaan nanoemulsi ekstrak kulit buah cokelat dibuat dengan menggunakan minyak biji anggur, tween 80 sebagai surfaktan, dan gliserin sebagai kosurfaktan untuk selanjutnya dikarakterisasi secara fisik. Hasil uji menunjukkan ekstrak kulit buah cokelat memiliki aktivitas inhibitor tirosinase dengan nilai IC50 199,98 ppm. Sediaan nanoemulsi mengandung ekstrak kulit buah cokelat penampilan fisik yang jernih dan homogen, pH 6,21±0,02, viskositas 1070 ± 24,5 cps, sifat alir Newtonian, dengan ukuran globul 108 ±15 nm. Sediaan nanoemulsi memiliki stabilitas fisik yang baik berdasarkan uji sentrifugasi, heating cooling, dan freeze thaw. Disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak kulit buah cokelat terbukti memiliki aktivits inhibitor tyrosinase dan telah berhasil diformulasikan menjadi sediaan nanoemulsi dengan sifat fisik dan stabilitas yang baik

Fertility responses and hormone profiles of synchronized different breed of cows from different farming systems / Syafnir

The objectives of this study were to determine the efficiency of controlled internal drug release (CIDR) to synchronize estrus in cow, and to study the success rate of estrus synchronization and fertility responses with respect to animal’s breed, farming system and body condition score (BCS). The study was conducted between January 2007 to December 2008 in three private farms in Gua Musang, Kelantan. The cows aged between 3 to 7 years old were of Charolais crossbreds (n=52), Brahman crossbreds (n=13) and Kedah-Kelantan (n=37) breed. All cows were subjected to estrus synchronization with CIDR. On day 0, CIDR implant with estradiol benzoate capsules were inserted into the vagina of the cow. On day 8, estradiol benzoate was injected, 24 hours prior to insemination with frozen semen provided by the Department of Veterinary Services, Kelantan. Blood samples (10 ml) were collected by using jugular venipuncture on day 0, 3, 7, 8, 9, 12 and 14 of the experiment. Pregnancy diagnosis was carried out on day 60 post-insemination by rectal palpation. Body Condition Score (BCS) for cows in intensive farm (4.59±0.22) was significantly higher (p<0.05) when compared to cows in semi-intensive (3.76±0.14) and integration farms (3.42±0.12). Cows in Intensive (59%) and semi-intensive (59%) farms showed significantly higher percentage of pregnancy for fixed time insemination than that of cows in integration farm (37%). Charolais crossbreds breed had better BCS (4.65 ± 0.18) than Brahman crossbreds (4.03 ± 0.11) and Kedah-Kelantan (3.43 ± 0.09) bred, respectively. Charolais crossbreds showed significantly higher percentage of pregnancy to fixed time insemination (58%) when compared to Brahman crossbreds (54%) and Kedah-Kelantan (49%) bred (p<0.05). The percentage of pregnancy for cows with BCS 4 (53%) and 5, 6, 7 (69%), were significantly higher than cows with BCS 3 (43%). Cows with ≥ 55 days of postpartum interval had significantly higher percentage of the estrus (75%) and pregnancy (62%) than cows with < 55 days of postpartum interval. On day 0, progesterone level was 3.16±0.74 ng/ml for all bred of cows and reached the peak on day 3 (12.75±1.21 ng/ml). Level of progesterone started to decline on day 3 and the lowest level was observed on day 12 (1.37±0.48 ng/ml). Progesterone levels on day 0 were 7.47±1.13 ng/ml, 0.52±0.09 ng/ml, and 3.13±0.92 ng/ml, for Charolais crossbreds, Brahman crossbreds and Kedah-Kelantan breeds, respectively. Progesterone level was highest on day 3 for Charolais crossbreds (6.21±1.25 ng/ml), Brahman crossbreds (9.03±3.73 ng/ml) and Kedah-Kelantan (27.16±5.36 ng/ml). On day 0, estradiol level was 3.27±0.55 pg/ml for all bred of cows and reached the peak on day 9 (43,47±7.88 pg/ml). Estradiol levels were 0.00±00 pg/ml, 5.01±0.90 pg/ml, and 4.60±0.61 pg/ml, for Charolais crossbreds, Brahman crossbreds and Kedah-Kelantan breeds, respectively on day 0. Estradiol level was highest on day 9 for Charolais crossbreds (77.26±1.89 pg/ml), Brahman crossbreds (34.20±1.48 pg/ml) and KedahKelantan (27.47±4.91 pg/ml) bred

Progesterone and estradiol profiles of co-administration of exogenous progesterone and estradiol benzoate during estrus synchronization in cows

This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of estrous synchronization method in cow and to document the profile of progesterone and estradiol levels in three breed (Charolais, Brahman and local indigenous, Kedah-Kelantan) of cows. Twenty eight cycling cows received CIDR (controlled intravaginal drug release) insertion containing 1.38 g of progesterone with 10 mg estradiol benzoate (Day 0). The cows were given 2 mg i.m injection of estradiol benzoate (EB) 24 hours after CIDR removal (Day 8). A single insemination was carried out to each of the synchronized cow using rectovaginal method, 24 hours after EB injection (Day 9). Pregnancy diagnosis was carried out on day 60 post-insemination using rectal palpation. Blood samples were collected on day 0, 3, 7, 8, 9, 12 and 14 after CIDR insertion. Collected blood samples were centrifuged at 2,000 r.p.m for 10 minutes and blood plasma was stored at -20 degrees C until assayed. Concentrations of progesterone and estradiol in blood plasma were assayed using RIA kits. Progesterone reached the highest level on day 3, 9.03 ng/ml (Brahman) and 27.16 ng/ml (Kedah-Kelantan). However, after CIDR removal on day 7, progesterone level continued to decrease and reached the lowest levels, 2.12 ng/ml (Charolais), 0.53 ng/ml (Brahman), and 0.47 ng/ml (Kedah-Kelantan). Insertion of CIDR (Day 0) caused a slight drop in estradiol levels in Charolais (0.00 pg/ml), Brahman (5.01 pg/ml) and Kedah-Kelantan (4.60 pg/ml) cows. Estradiol level reached the highest level, 77.26 pg/ml (Charolais), 34.20 pg/ml (Brahman) and 27.43 pg/ml (Kedah-Kelantan) after estradiol benzoate injection on day 8. It was concluded that synchronization method in the present study managed to give good percentage of pregnancy and similar pattern of progesterone and estradiol profiles regardless breed of the cows

Antibacterial compound from Euchema spinosum originated from Tasikmalaya West Java against pathogen bacteria with TLC-bioautography

Streptococcus mutans (Gram-positive) and Shigella dysenteriae (Gram-negative) are two types of pathogen bacteria. The use of synthetic antibiotics against both bacteria is known to impact the bacteria's resistance. E. spinosum from Tasikmalaya is a potential macroalgae as a source of an antibacterial compound for both bacteria. The research aims to determine the antibacterial metabolite compound from E. spinosum originated from Tasikmalaya against S. mutans and S. dysenteriae. The research was conducted through several stages, starting from phytochemical screening, gradual maceration using hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol, determination of antibacterial activity, and TLC-bioautography. Phytochemical screening showed that both raw material and extracts contained alkaloids, flavonoids, and steroids. The result showed that hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract could inhibit the growth of S. dysenteriae starting from a concentration of 400 µg/mL. However, only ethyl acetate extract can inhibit the growth of S. mutans, starting from a concentration of 20 µg/mL. The chromatogram of the hexane extract showed the presence of 6 spots, ethyl acetate extract showed 5, and the methanol extract showed only 4, resulted from the elution system, respectively. The TLC-bioautography against S. dysenteriae showed that there was the presence of three clear zones on the ethyl acetate extract, detected as flavonoid, and three clear zones on the methanol extract. The TLC-bioautography against S. mutans showed one clear zone on the chromatogram of ethyl acetate extract. According to the AlCl3 spray reagent confirmation test, the active compound was the flavonoid group

Development of Nanocapsules Containing Cytotoxic Agents- A Review: Kajian Literatur Pengembangan Sediaan Nanokapsul Mengandung Agen Sitotoksik

Background: The incidence and mortality of cancer are rapidly growing worldwide. Modification on drug delivery systems based on nanotechnology was applied to improve the effectiveness and safety of treatment. Nanoencapsulation, a part of nanotechnology,&nbsp; was known can be involved in cytotoxic agents. Objective: This research was conducted to determine the type of polymers for nanoencapsulation of cytotoxic agents and analyze the effect of nanoencapsulation on the cytotoxic activity. Methods: The study was performed by systematic literature review using selected articles from reputable databases that meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: The results show that many cytotoxic agents have been developed in nanocapsules systems due to their low water solubility, chemical instability, and low bioavailability. The nanoencapsulation process was carried out using synthetic or natural polymers such as polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), PEGylated PLGA, polycaprolactone (PCL), chitosan-sodium tripolyphosphate, chitosan-sodium alginate, heparin-poly(l-lysine), and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). Those polymers are widely used for nanoencapsulation related to their biocompatible, biodegradable, non-toxic, and providing the desired coating properties. The nanoencapsulation on cytotoxic agents significantly increases the in vitro cytotoxicity, marked by the decrease of IC50 value in the range 1.4-15.4 folds compared to pure drugs. The increase in cytotoxicity could be caused by particle size reduction, modification of particle surface properties, and enhancement of drug stability. Conclusion: It can be concluded that nanoencapsulation can be applied for cytotoxic agents to increase their activity using the appropriate coating polymer