Towards an ICF core set for ADHD:a worldwide expert survey on ability and disability

This is the second in a series of four empirical studies designed to develop International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF and Children and Youth version, ICF-CY) core sets for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The objective of this stage was to gather the opinions from international experts on which ability and disability concepts were considered relevant to functioning in ADHD. An email-based survey was carried out amongst international experts in ADHD. Relevant functional ability and disability concepts were extracted from their responses and linked to the ICF/-CY categories by two independent researchers using a standardised linking procedure. 174 experts from 11 different disciplines and 45 different countries completed the survey. Meaningful concepts identified in their responses were linked to 185 ICF/-CY categories. Of these, 83 categories were identified by at least 5 % of the experts and considered the most relevant to ADHD: 30 of these were related to Body functions (most identified: attention functions, 85 %), 30 to Activities and Participation (most identified: school education, 52 %), 20 to Environmental factors (most identified: support from immediate family, 61 %), and 3 to Body structures (most identified: structure of brain, 83 %). Experts also provided their views on particular abilities related to ADHD, naming characteristics such as high-energy levels, flexibility and resiliency. Gender differences in the expression of ADHD identified by experts pertained mainly to females showing more internalising (e.g. anxiety, low self-esteem) and less externalising behaviours (e.g. hyperactivity), leading to a risk of late- and under-diagnosis in females. Results indicate that the impact of ADHD extends beyond the core symptom domains, into all areas of life and across the lifespan. The current study in combination with three additional preparatory studies (comprehensive scoping review, focus groups, clinical study) will provide the scientific basis to define the ADHD ICF/-CY core sets for multi-purpose use in basic and applied research and every day clinical practice

Image Objects vs. Pixels: A comparison of new methods from both domains

Under the Additional Protocol of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) complementing the safeguards agreements between States and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), commercial satellite imagery is an important source of information within the “information driven safeguards” approach of the IAEA. The new Geospatial Exploitation System (GES) creates a huge demand for spatial information and new tools to analyze this data. The IAEA faces the challenge of a steadily increasing number of nuclear facilities worldwide and therefore (semi-) automated and computer driven methodologies can add a big value in the verification process. Another challenge of the IAEA is to stay on-top of new technologies and to use them effectively and efficiently within the safeguards verification process. In the last decade several new pixel-based and object-based approaches for image analysis and for change detection have evolved and this paper aims at evaluating and testing some of them in the field of safeguards. New pixel-based classification algorithms like the support vector machines or time series analysis have been widely used in the field of land cover change analysis, but haven’t been applied in the verification process. New developed object-based change detection approaches and optimized workflows have been developed and should now be tested in the field of safeguards. The aim of this paper is to apply and evaluate some of these methods using the example of different nuclear sites, and to compare their suitability in the context of information-driven-safeguards

Image Objects vs. Pixels: A comparison of new methods from both domains

Under the Additional Protocol of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) complementing the safeguards agreements between States and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), commercial satellite imagery is an important source of information within the “information driven safeguards” approach of the IAEA. The new Geospatial Exploitation System (GES) creates a huge demand for spatial information and new tools to analyze this data. The IAEA faces the challenge of a steadily increasing number of nuclear facilities worldwide and therefore (semi-) automated and computer driven methodologies can add a big value in the verification process. Another challenge of the IAEA is to stay on-top of new technologies and to use them effectively and efficiently within the safeguards verification process. In the last decade several new pixel-based and object-based approaches for image analysis and for change detection have evolved and this paper aims at evaluating and testing some of them in the field of safeguards. New pixel-based classification algorithms like the support vector machines or time series analysis have been widely used in the field of land cover change analysis, but haven’t been applied in the verification process. New developed object-based change detection approaches and optimized workflows have been developed and should now be tested in the field of safeguards. The aim of this paper is to apply and evaluate some of these methods using the example of different nuclear sites, and to compare their suitability in the context of information-driven-safeguards

Images Objects vs. Pixels: A Comparison of New Methods From Both Domains

Under the Additional Protocol of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) complementing the safeguards agreements between States and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), commercial satellite imagery is an important source of information within the “information driven safeguards” approach of the IAEA. The new Geospatial Exploitation System (GES) creates a huge demand for spatial information and new tools to analyze this data. The IAEA faces the challenge of a steadily increasing number of nuclear facilities worldwide and therefore (semi-) automated and computer driven methodologies can add a big value in the verification process. Another challenge of the IAEA is to stay on-top of new technologies and to use them effectively and efficiently within the safeguards verification process. In the last decade several new pixel-based and object-based approaches for image analysis and for change detection have evolved and this paper aims at evaluating and testing some of them in the field of safeguards. New pixel-based classification algorithms like the support vector machines or time series analysis have been widely used in the field of land cover change analysis, but haven’t been applied in the verification process. New developed object-based change detection approaches and optimized workflows have been developed and should now be tested in the field of safeguards. The aim of this paper is to apply and evaluate some of these methods using the example of different nuclear sites, and to compare their suitability in the context of information-driven-safeguards

2005, Automation of change detection procedures for nuclear safeguards-related monitoring purposes

Abstract -Against the background of nuclear safeguards applications using commercially available satellite imagery, a two-steps attempt for change detection and analysis was realized in general. Beginning with the wide-area monitoring on the basis of medium-resolution satellite data for the pre-scanning of significant changes within the nuclear-related locations, the areas of interest could then be explicitly analyzed by change detection and analysis methods using high-resolution satellite data. The change pixels were detected by using the multivariate alteration detection (MAD) transformation, producing a set of mutually orthogonal difference images (the so-called MAD variates). The decision thresholds for the change pixels were set by applying a probability mixture model to the MAD variates based on an EM algorithm. By means of eCognition a second, object-oriented procedure was implemented in order to create an automated workflow for the multiscale extraction of the (change) objects and (change) features for the subsequent post-classification of the areas of interest. Regarding the necessity of automation for extensive monitoring tasks the processing aspects of standardization and transferability took the centre stage of the investigations

ADVANCES IN DETECTING CHANGES AT NUCLEAR FACILITIES USING VERY HIGH-RESOLUTION OPTICAL SATELLITE IMAGERY

Under the Additional Protocol of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) complementing the safeguards agreements between States and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), commercial satellite imagery is an important source of information within safeguards that are fully information-driven. Satellite imagery can assist in the evaluation of site declarations, the detection of undeclared nuclear facilities, and the preparation of inspections or other visits. For analyzing and assessing the development of sites under construction (whether declared or not) and for monitoring clandestine facilities, multitemporal satellite imagery acquired over the same area at different times is needed. In remote sensing processing, the comparison of two or more images acquired at different times in order to identify significant changes of or at the earth’s surface is known as change detection. In the last decade several approaches for change detection have evolved and evaluated with regard to their suitability as to safeguards purposes. The aim of this paper is to further investigate the potential of object-based change detection using two images acquired over the same area. In addition, also methods for assessing a series of satellite imagery acquired over the same area, the so-called time series analysis, will be evaluated

ADVANCES IN DETECTING CHANGES AT NUCLEAR FACILITIES USING VERY HIGH-RESOLUTION OPTICAL SATELLITE IMAGERY

Under the Additional Protocol of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) complementing the safeguards agreements between States and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), commercial satellite imagery is an important source of information within safeguards that are fully information-driven. Satellite imagery can assist in the evaluation of site declarations, the detection of undeclared nuclear facilities, and the preparation of inspections or other visits. For analyzing and assessing the development of sites under construction (whether declared or not) and for monitoring clandestine facilities, multitemporal satellite imagery acquired over the same area at different times is needed. In remote sensing processing, the comparison of two or more images acquired at different times in order to identify significant changes of or at the earth’s surface is known as change detection. In the last decade several approaches for change detection have evolved and evaluated with regard to their suitability as to safeguards purposes. The aim of this paper is to further investigate the potential of object-based change detection using two images acquired over the same area. In addition, also methods for assessing a series of satellite imagery acquired over the same area, the so-called time series analysis, will be evaluated

Following electroenzymatic hydrogen production by rotating ring disk electrochemistry and mass spectrometry

Gas‐processing metalloenzymes are of interest to future bio‐ and bioinspired technologies. Of particular importance are hydrogenases and nitrogenases, which both produce molecular hydrogen (H2) from proton (H+) reduction. Here, we report on the use of rotating ring disk electrochemistry (RRDE) and mass spectrometry (MS) to follow the production of H2 and isotopes produced from deuteron (D+) reduction (HD and D2) using the [FeFe]‐hydrogenase from Clostridium pasteurianum, a model hydrogen‐evolving metalloenzyme. This facilitates enzymology studies independent of non‐innocent chemical reductants. We anticipate that these approaches will be of value in resolving the catalytic mechanisms of H2 ‐producing metalloenzymes and the design of bioinspired catalysts for H2 production and N2 fixation